the economic burden of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) is far greater than its direct medical costs. this study estimated annual indirect costs of the hiv/aids epidemic in islamic republic of iran in 2006-2007 from societal perspective. a patient cost diary in sets of six booklets covering a total of 6 months (from october 2006 and fallowed until march...

OBJECTIVE To analyse the association of direct and indirect costs in patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) with somatic symptom severity (SSS). METHODS A cross-sectional cost analysis for retrospective 6 months was conducted in 294 primary care patients with MUS. Health care utilisation and loss of productivity were measured by questionnaires. SSS was measured using the "Patient ...

abstract background: the current practice to measure rv is either by bpg or helium dilution methods which may not be available in all clinics due to their cost. methods: this paper outlines a method for both direct and indirect calculation of rv via pft with acceptable sensitivity (81 %, 60% ), specificity (71 %, 94%) and validity (76%, 78%) for obstructive and restrictive lung disease respecti...

objective: type 2 diabetes is amongst the most common chronic illnesses in iran. its prevalence is increasing and it has significant economic importance. the aim of this study was to estimate direct therapeutic and non-therapeutic costs of type 2 diabetes patients referred to the diabetes research center of yazd in 2012. materials and methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 t...

considerable indirect taxes are obtained to finance different expenditures of governments. the indirect taxes have different and to somewhat contrary effects in the economy. this paper investigates on the effects of the indirect taxes on sectors’ products to finance the government expenditures. using an input-output analysis, the effects of this policy on the cost-push price inflation and emplo...