In order to develop intellectual expertise, the student needs to learn how to perform sophisticated pattern identification, and how to employ effective study and test taking strategies. These cognitive requirements are complex and analytical, and formal instruction operates under challenging constraints. In order to help students succeed in their chosen field, we need to understand better how i...

How people maintain and repair their self-esteem has been a topic of widespread interest. In this article, the authors ask, What determines whether people will use direct, remedial actions, or defensive actions? In three studies, they tested the hypothesis that a belief in fixed intelligence (entity theory) would produce defensiveness, whereas a belief in improvable intelligence (incremental th...

Incremental dialogue strategies are more reactive, offer a better user experience and reduce desynchronisation risks. However, incremental dialogue systems are based on architectures that are long, difficult and hence costly to implement. In order to make this architecture evolution easier, we suggest to simulate incremental behavior by adding a new layer to an existing traditional service. Dic...

The present study was aimed at investigating intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ feedback preferences on their L2 writing and examining the possible differences between learners with entity and incremental language mindsets with respect to their feedback preferences. To this end, 150 EFL learners were recruited from several language institutes in Isfahan, Iran, and their language proficiency lev...

Four experiments examined the strategies that individuals develop in sentential reasoning. They led to the discovery of five different strategies. According to the theory proposed in the paper, each of the strategies depends on component tactics, which all normal adults possess, and which are based on mental models. Reasoners vary their use of tactics in ways that have no deterministic account....