The emergence of new mobile platforms built on Google’s Android operating system represents a significant shift in the locus of the platform “bottleneck,” or control point, in the mobile industry. Using a case study approach, this paper examines firm strategies in a market where the traditional location of the ICT platform bottleneck—the operating system on a device—is no longer the most import...

The age of stratospheric air is computed with a trajectory model, using ECMWF ERA-40 3-D-Var and operational 4-D-Var winds. The sensitivity to the forecast period and assimilation technique are studied, and the results are compared with observations and with results from a chemistry transport model that uses the same data sets. A large 5 number of backward trajectories is started in the stratos...

t in islam world, writing and scribing koran has been always a very important issue. professional  scribers and calligraphers of koran were in the acme point of this process. scribing diversity as  well as different styles of writing divine words does not contradict with uprightness in recording  koran words so that in addition to observing this principle, great calligraphers have tried to  scr...

The 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data are analyzed to demonstrate that wave forcing at lower latitudes plays a crucial role in driving the tropical upwelling portion of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. It is shown that subtropical wave forcing is correlated with tropical upwelling on both intraseasonal and interannual time scales when transient waves are taken into account, and that tropical ...

[1] The energy input to the upper ocean Ekman layer is assessed for the Southern Ocean by examining the rotary cross spectrum between wind stress and surface velocity for frequencies between 0 and 2 cpd. The wind stress is taken from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-40 reanalysis, and drifter measurements from 15 m depth are used to represent surface velocities, with an ad...

We are now in the post-PC era, yet our mobile devices are insecure. We consider the different stake-holders in today’s mobile device ecosystem, and analyze why widely-deployed hardware security primitives on mobile device platforms are inaccessible to application developers and end-users. We systematize existing proposals for leveraging such primitives, and show that they can indeed strengthen ...