in the poetics of aristotle, art and literature are imitations of reality and all literary elements have objective representation in the real world. following the theories of ferdinand de saussure and roman jakobson and formation of new literary approaches such as structuralism, there existed a modern poetics which didn’t consider literature as an imitation of reality but introduces it as recon...

In order to describe the origins and initial workings of a world system, I have had to argue a certain conception of a world-system. A world-system is a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold i...

there might be diverse modern schools of reform in any religion. this paper categorizes modern hindu and muslim religious thinkers into three groups based on their traditionalist and modernistic concerns. first group are those with futuristic modern thoughts who give more weight to the future and attempt to make old religions compatible to the modern world and present modern religion deserving ...

In this article, Ramy Youssef compares historically varying structures and semantics of world political status competition. Early modern rankings that represent the royal titles, or states, respectively, serve as empirical material. It is shown competition in early period can neither semantically nor structurally be distinguished from conflicts, whereas politics framed a distinct social relatio...