Observed animal impulsiveness challenges ideas from foraging theory about the fitness value of food rewards, and may play a role in important behavioural phenomena such as cooperation and addiction. Behavioural ecologists usually invoke temporal discounting to explain the evolution of animal impulsiveness. According to the discounting hypothesis, delay reduces the fitness value of the delayed f...

Animals show impulsiveness when they prefer a smaller more immediate option, even though a larger more delayed option produces a higher intake rate. This impulsive behavior has implications for several behavioral problems including social cooperation. This paper presents two experiments using captive blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) that consider the effects of payoff accumulation and temporal c...

Background & Aims of the Study: It is believed that immature defensive mechanisms and impulsiveness make people vulnerable to smoker and drugs, and these individuals experience more negative emotions and have less options for reducing their psychological disorders. The study sought to determine the role of difficulty in emotional self-regulation, impulsiveness, and defensive me...

purpose: the aim of present study was to examining the psychometric properties of the iranian version of short dark triad (sd3) in students. methodology: the study sample consisted of bu-ali sina university students in 2015-2016. 376 students were selected based on multi-stage cluster sampling. to study psychometric characteristics of the scale, dark triad scale was translated with double-trans...