We study the impact of import protection on relationship-specific investments, organizational choice and welfare. We show that a tariff on intermediate inputs can improve social welfare through mitigating hold-up problems. It does so if it discriminates in favor of the investing party, thereby improving its bargaining position. On the other hand, a tariff can prompt inefficient organizational c...

This paper examines externalities of safeguard protection. We identify a panel of 2,241 European steel producers between 1995 and 2004. Using the Roeger (1995) methodology, our findings indicate a decrease in price mark-ups of European steel producers in the period of US safeguard protection. Mark-ups are decreasing with import penetration and the level of the safeguard tariffs. The responsiven...

in this paper the trade restrictiveness of agricultural policies in iran was measured by the triindex for the nine major agricultural products including wheat, rice, barely, maize, soybean,meat (beef meat), soybean oil, sugar and banana over the period 1981 to 2007. the main resultsindicate that there is no trend in above index and high volatility especially in 2006 and 2007years due to conside...

We analyze the effects of European Antidumping (AD) protection on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth of import-competing domestic firms. We identified a panel of 1,793 European firms between 1993 and 2000 affected by AD cases that were initiated in 1996. Using a difference-indifference approach, we find evidence of increased TFP growth for those firms that filed for protection compared to f...

Using firm level data from the U.S. steel industry, we find that lobbying for import protection is habit forming. Controlling for firm performance and other factors, past lobbying increases the likelihood of current lobbying in our full sample. Expecting heterogeneity in lobbying behavior among firms, we let an EM algorithm sort our firms into groups with different propensities to lobby. A two-...

In this paper the trade restrictiveness of agricultural policies in Iran was measured by the TRIindex for the nine major agricultural products including wheat, rice, barely, maize, soybean,meat (beef meat), soybean oil, sugar and banana over the period 1981 to 2007. The main resultsindicate that there is no trend in above index and high volatility especially in 2006 and 2007years due to conside...

Dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins have been widely used to study conformational properties of polypeptides translocated across membranes. We have studied the import of dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins into glycosomes and mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei. As signal sequences we used the last 22 carboxy-terminal amino acids of glycosomal phosphoglycerate kinase for glycosomes, and ...