Because envelope gp120 of various strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) downregulates the expression and function of a variety of chemoattractant receptors through a process of heterologous desensitization, we investigated whether epitopes derived from gp120 could mimic the effect. A synthetic peptide domain, designated F peptide, corresponding to amino acid residues 414-434 in...

a variety of nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes have role in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) processes. the eye movement is done simultaneously for attracting client's attention to an external stimulus while concentrating on a certain internal subject. eye movement guided by therap...

Administering moderate (milligram) amounts of antigen to a guinea pig immunized with thatntigen leads to a transient loss of all delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses in that animal. In this study, we demonstrate that this "desentization" can be prolonged for 10 days by repeated injection of antigen. At this time, tolerance to the desensitizing antigen develops in both the humoral and cellula...

Occurrence of Listeria endocarditis is rare, and the mortality rate is high, 100% in untreated cases. The use of antibiotics, specifically ampicillin, is considered a first-line treatment. Coadministration of ampicillin and gentamicin provides a synergistic effect in killing the bacteria. Antibiotics are among the most common causes of hypersensitivity reactions. Of all antibiotics, penicillin ...

Current asthma therapies can effectively control symptoms and the on-going inflammatory process; however, they do not affect the underlying, dysregulated immune response. Thus, they are limited to blunting the progression of the disease, which relapses on ceasing the treatment. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only etiology-based treatment capable of disease modification. Recent evi...

ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi KT) was introduced to expand the donor pool and minimize shortage of kidneys for transplantation. Because improved outcomes of ABOi KT were reported in Japan in the early 2000s, the number of ABOi KTs has been increasing worldwide. In addition, a better understanding of immune pathogenesis and subsequent aggressive immunosuppression has helped to ma...

cow’s milk allergy (cma) is the most frequent food allergy in children and oral immunotherapy (oit) is a promising approach for treatment of patients. the most challenging cases are anaphylactic with coexisting asthma and proposing safe protocols is crucial especially in high risk groups. considering that cma varies among patients, an individualized oit protocol would be beneficial to achieve a...

Hemophilia B is a rare X-linked recessive disorder with plasma factor IX (FIX) deficiency. 1-3% of patients treated with exogenous FIX-containing products develop inhibitors (i.e. polyclonal high affinity immunoglobulins) that neutralize the procoagulant activity of a specific coagulation factor. Although the incidence of inhibitors in hemophilia B patients is low, most are "high titer" and fre...

The World Health Organization estimates that lower respiratory tract infections (excluding tuberculosis) account for approximately 35% of all deaths caused by infectious diseases. In many cases, the cause of death may be caused by multiple pathogens, e.g., the life-threatening bacterial pneumonia observed in patients infected with influenza virus. The ability to evolve more efficient immunity o...