As regards the significant role of stethoscopes in the diagnosis of congenital and adventitious heart diseases and prevention of irreparable complications of these diseases, the quality of hearing sound of these stethoscopes by a physician has a significant impact on the disease diagnosis. This device plays an important role in the early diagnosis of congenital heart and respiratory diseases an...

National policies toward intellectual property (IP) were revolutionized in the 1990s, as countries adopted new systems to conform to the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). TRIPS-style IP regimes make patents available for more types of knowledge, grant long periods of patent protection, and endow patent owners with strong...

Modern storage systems are often faced with complex trade-offs between the confidentiality, availability, and performance they offer their users. Secret sharing is a data encoding technique that provides information-theoretically provable guarantees on confidentiality unlike conventional encryption. Additionally, secret sharing provides quantifiable guarantees on the availability of the encoded...

Your former employee recently joined a competitor. Email records confirm that he transferred technology or customer files to his home computer before his abrupt resignation. Other evidence suggests actual–or the threat of–trade secret misappropriation. No company wishes the distraction, expense, and uncertainty that typically accompany litigation. But litigation may be the most effective means–...

Theories of intellectual property take the individual inventor or the firm as the unit of innovation. But studies in economic sociology show that in complex fields where knowledge is rapidly advancing and widely dispersed among different firms, the locus of innovation is neither an individual nor a single firm. Rather, innovative ideas originate in the informal networks of learning and collabor...

Abstract Recent technical breakthroughs underscore the potential of second generation (2G) quantum technologies including simulation, sensing and metrology, computation, communication. Patenting trends such are an indicator pace innovation at invention stage. Empirical studies looking real-world patenting activity can provide valuable evidence to help assess guide policy proposals related intel...