The patient was a 67-yr-old woman with a horseshoe kidney and bilateral uteropelvic junction obstruction who presented for bilateral pyeloplasty. Medical history included long-standing SD for which she had undergone left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) sectioning and Teflon injections (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) of the left VC. She had also been receiving botulinum toxin (Botox; Allergan Pharmaceu...

Obesity is a widespread crippling and life-shortening disease that can be defined as a pathologic accumulation of fat reserves. In spite of its epidemic distribution, no fully effective treatments are available. The strategies used for the treatment of obesity have relied mainly on the limitation of energy intake or/and increasing energy expenditure. The most widely used method to limit energy ...