the effect of hydraulic retention time in a range from 1.0-5.5 days was evaluated in a laboratoryscaleanaerobic fixed bed reactor packed with a hybrid material composed of tire rubber and zeolite. underthese conditions, cod removal efficiencies varied from 28.3% to 82.1%, respectively. over the more than 6months of operation, no clogging was observed. the results obtained demonstrated that this...

This paper gives an introduction to a general hybrid systems model for definition of system requirements and a corresponding software architecture together with an example of their specialization for use in implementing a modeswitching controller for a hydraulic cylinder.

a r t i c l e i n f o Facing the environment problems, the improvement on the efficiency of the construction machinery such as the excavator and wheel loader is highly demanded. The hybrid power systems used in automobiles have been adapted into the construction machinery. This paper first analyzes the difference between the hybrid powered automobile vehicle and the hybrid powered construction ...

In this paper, a 20-ton prototype compound hybrid excavator is presented which includes assisting electric motor, swing electric motor, a super capacitor pack, an engine and negative flow hydraulic system. The energy-saving principle of hybrid excavator is introduced as well. The development rules of power train which include parameter design rules of key components and hierarchical structure o...

The resilient modulus (MR) of unbound materials is a required input in most of the mechanistic-based pavement analysis and design process and has a significant effect on the projected pavement performance in the mechanistic– empirical pavement design guide programme or AASHTOWare DARwin. The Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) recently acquired a servo-hydraulic dynamic loading materials te...

The concept of hybrid technologies for mobile working machines has gained increased attention in recent years. This paper deals with a parallel hybrid system for energy recuperation based on a two-machine hydraulic transformer. The system can be connected hydraulically to an existing hydraulic circuit as a complementary add-on system. The linear analysis of the system visualises the control dif...

A goal has been set to make a contribution to society in challenging global warming, especially to reduce the emissions of CO2, by developing a hybrid system that drives the swing device of a hydraulic excavator by electric drive, to significantly reduce fuel consumption. Reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases are not making satisfactory progress and regulation of the construction industry...

in this study, a hybrid intelligent model has been designed to predict groundwater inflow to a mine pit during its advance. novel hybrid method coupling artificial neural network (ann) with genetic algorithm (ga) called ann-ga, was utilised. ratios of pit depth to aquifer thickness, pit bottom radius to its top radius, inverse of pit advance time and the hydraulic head (hh) in the observation w...