Important characteristics of an appropriate river basin model, intended to study the effect of climate change on basin response, are the spatial and temporal resolution of the model and the rainfall input. The effects of input and model resolution on extreme discharge of a large river basin are assessed to give some indication on appropriate resolutions. A simple stochastic rainfall model and a...

The Riverine Barriers Hypothesis (RBH) posits that tropical rivers can be effective barriers to gene flow, based on observations that range boundaries often coincide with river barriers. Over the last 160 years, the RBH has received attention from various perspectives, with a particular focus on vertebrates in the Amazon Basin. To our knowledge, no molecular assessment of the RBH has been condu...

Hydrological models are useful tools for water resources studies, yet their calibration is still a challenge, especially if aiming at improved estimates of multiple components the cycle. This has led hydrologic community to look ways constrain with variables. Remote sensing soil moisture very promising in this sense, large areas which field observations may be unevenly distributed. However, use...

North Africa experienced dramatic changes in hydrology and vegetation during the late Quaternary driven by insolation-induced shifts of the tropical rain belt and further modulated by millennial-scale droughts and vegetation-climate feedbacks. While most past proxy and modelling studies concentrated on the temporal and spatial dynamics of the last African humid period, little is known about the...

Forest cover is an important input variable for assessing changes to carbon stocks, climate and hydrological systems, biodiversity richness, and other sustainability science disciplines. Despite incremental improvements in our ability to quantify rates of forest clearing, there is still no definitive understanding on global trends. Without timely and accurate forest monitoring methods, policy r...

During the Pleistocene, long-term trends in global climate were controlled by orbital cycles leading to high amplitude glacial-interglacial variability. The history of Amazonian vegetation during this period is largely unknown since no continuous record from lowland basin extends significantly beyond last glacial stage. Here we present a paleoenvironmental spanning 1800 kyr based on palynologic...

Spatial and attribute database of the glaciers and glacial lakes of whole Nepal had developed by ICIMOD in collaboration with UNEP/RRC-AP in 2001 using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques. There are altogether 3,252 glaciers covering an area of 5,322 square kilometer with approximately 481 km of ice reserves. The Mahakali River basin comprises 87 glaciers with an area o...

A recently completed research program (TREES) employing the global imaging capabilities of Earth-observing satellites provides updated information on the status of the world's humid tropical forest cover. Between 1990 and 1997, 5.8 +/- 1.4 million hectares of humid tropical forest were lost each year, with a further 2.3 +/- 0.7 million hectares of forest visibly degraded. These figures indicate...

Diseases don't respect borders, so efforts to control and eliminate diseases must also be flexible and adaptable enough to effectively reach the populations that live in the areas around national frontiers. Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness is a tropical disease that has historically affected millions of people in 35 countries in Africa and Latin America. In Africa, programs and...

Ecological assessment of soil ecosystem services was made through indicators provision nutrients, amount organic matter, and cation exchange capacity; climate regulation, carbon storage, in the Orotoy river basin. As units that provide services, mosaics tropical humid forest cover, oil palm crops cattle pastures were selected, persistent for 20 years, windows located upper, middle lower areas S...