Its properties make copper one of the world’s most important functional metals. Numerous megatrends are increasing demand for copper. This requires prospection and exploration new deposits, as well monitoring quality in various production steps. A promising technique to perform these tasks is Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). unique feature, among others, ability measure on site with...

PTA hosted in a copper metallo-supramolecular triangle undergoes post-assembly oxidation to form PTAO in aerated solutions. The oxidation is triggered by selected co-solvents that also govern the formation of the final crystalline product leading to a discrete host-guest triangle {PTAO@[Cu(o-L)]3} or to a 1D coordination polymer {(PTAO)2@[Cu8][Cu2]}∞ containing a {Cu8} ring with a double hostin...

Recently, three distinct archetypes for midlatitude linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been identified: those comprising convective lines with trailing stratiform precipitation (TS), leading stratiform precipitation (LS), and parallel stratiform precipitation (PS). While cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning in TS MCSs has received a great deal of study in recent years, linear MCSs exhibi...

Silver Queen mint in central British Columbia, is located approximately 35 kilometres south of Houston and 3 kilometres east of 0wt.n Lake (Figure 2-7-1). Although currently inactive, it was worked briefly in the early 1970s for gold. silver, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium. The deposit is hosted by Cretaceous rocks of the informal Tip Top Hill group (78.322.67 Ma, K-Ar whole rock), with the age...

Abstract. The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program Tropical Western Pacific site hosted a C-band polarization (CPOL) radar in Darwin, Australia. It provides 2 decades tropical rainfall characteristics useful for validating global circulation models. Rainfall retrievals from assume about the droplet size distribution (DSD) that vary significantly. To minimize uncer...

A better understanding of global climate calls for more accurate estimates of liquid and ice water content profiles of precipitating clouds and their associated latent heating profiles. Convective and stratiform precipitation regimes have different latent heating and therefore impact the earth’s climate differently. Classification of clouds over oceans has traditionally been part of more genera...

Over a number of years a terminology and a number of concepts that were used originally as a first step in formulating a problem became broadly accepted and acquired an established status not compatible with their lack of precision. One such concept is “stratiform” precipitation as opposed to “convective” precipitation. The characteristics of precipitation from these two ill-defined categories ...

It was once generally thought that stratiform precipitation was something occurring primarily, if not exclusively, in middle latitudes—in baroclinic cyclones and fronts. Early radar observations in the Tropics, however, showed large radar echoes composed of convective rain alongside stratiform precipitation, with the stratiform echoes covering great areas and accounting for a large portion of t...