While the biomechanical properties of pedicle screws have proven to be superior in the lumbar spine, little is known concerning pullout strength of pedicle screws in comparison to hooks in the thoracic spine. In vitro biomechanical pullout testing was performed to evaluate the axial pullout strength of pedicle screws versus pedicle and laminar hooks in the thoracic spine with regard to surgical...

The flagellar hook of Salmonella is a filamentous polymer made up of subunits of the protein FlgE. Hook assembly is terminated when the length reaches about 55 nm. After our recent study of the effect of cellular levels of the hook length control protein FliK, we have now analyzed the effect of cellular levels of FlgE itself. When FlgE was overproduced in a wild-type strain, a fliC (flagellin) ...

A new technique of osteotomy distraction osteogenesis (ODO) and sutural distraction osteogenesis (SDO) by the use of bone-borne traction hooks is presented. The technique of osteotomy plus distraction osteogenesis is suitable for adult patients. The technique of sutural distraction osteogenesis is suitable for young patients, ages 6 through 12 years. The distraction system consists of a face-bo...

Six species of Acanthobothrium, 4 described as new, are reported in stingrays from southern Ecuador. Acanthobothrium atahualpai n. sp. in Gymnura afuerae most closely resembles Acanthobothrium fogeli and Acanthobothrium parviuncinatum by having bothridial hooks with recurved prongs and short handles. It differs from A. fogeli by having bothridial hooks 163-195 microns vs. 78-114 microns long an...

A new trypanorhynch cestode, Grillotia borealis sp. n., is described from the spiral intestines of softnose skates of the genus Bathyraja collected from subarctic waters of the North Pacific Ocean: B. parmifera (Bean) (type host), B. aleutica (Gilbert) and B. interrupta (Gill et Townsend) from the Bering Sea and B. minispinosa Ishiyama et Ishihara and B. sminovi (Soldatov et Pavlenko) from the ...

Species of Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) require 2 mammalian hosts to complete their life-cycle; a carnivorous definitive host, and a herbivorous or omnivorous intermediate host. For most species of Echinococcus, the definitive host range is restricted to 1 or a few species, but the intermediate host range is very broad. Programmes to control hydatid disease attempt to break the life-cycle ...

cystacanths of Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphidae) are redescribed on the basis of specimens recovered from three species of Antarctic notothenioid fish, Trematomus bernacchii Boulenger, Gobionotothen gibberifrons (lönnberg) and Notothenia coriiceps richardson, collected from the Prince gustav channel, Antarctica. the cystacanths’ morphometry and the...

Abstract The present communication deals with the taxonomical description of cestode parasite Taenia taeniaeformis commonly known as feline tapeworm. The neck is almost as broad as the scolex and segmentation begins immediately behind the scolex. The scolex of T. taeniaeformis is armed with a large double circle of 40-45 hooks and four clearly lateral suckers. Hooks are claw hammer shaped, smal...

We consider the problem of retrofitting legacy software with mechanisms for authorization policy enforcement. This is an important problem for operating systems, middleware and server applications (jointly, servers), which manage resources for and provide services to multiple, mutually-distrusting clients. Such servers must ensure that when a subject requests to perform a security-sensitive ope...

The celebrated Erdős-Hajnal conjecture states that for every n-vertex undirected graph H there exists ε(H) > 0 such that every graph G that does not contain H as an induced subgraph contains a clique or an independent set of size at least n. A weaker version of the conjecture states that the polynomial-size clique/independent set phenomenon occurs if one excludes both H and its complement H. We...