It is possible to obtain a quality assurance (QA) of the dosimetry within a short time by using the new mathematical tools for a water phantom where dose measurements were made at two points only for a few square field sizes of the linear accelerator beam. The human body is not homogeneous. Water phantom makes it possible to create inhomogeneous phantoms by introducing blocks within it at suita...

This paper presents a novel and generic distributed swarm guidance algorithm using inhomogeneous Markov chains that guarantees superior performance over existing homogeneous Markov chain based algorithms, when the feedback of the current swarm distribution is available. The probabilistic swarm guidance using inhomogeneous Markov chain (PSG–IMC) algorithm guarantees sharper and faster convergenc...

Traditional detection approaches for the dim moving target are addressed under the background of homogeneous sea clutter. However, the realistic clutter commonly appears inhomogeneous, resulting in the low detectability. A heterogeneous multiple-scan detection framework is described in this paper, which combines the inhomogeneous coherent integration in the dwell of single scan and the non-cohe...

2 Continuous-Time Markov Chains 3 2.1 Time-homogeneous chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Time-inhomogeneous chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Embedded Discrete-Time Markov Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Conditional Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

The goal of this study is to understand inter-droplet cloud absorption in horizontally inhomogeneous clouds. In order to minimize the absorption by cloud drops, a spectral band around 0.94 μm with strong molecular and very weak liquid absorption has been chosen for detailed analysis. The 0.94 micron band has insignificant Rayleigh scattering and a large range of transmission (Figure 1). In othe...

The paper is devoted to analytical studies of the influence of horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds on their radiative properties in the framework of the asymptotic radiative transfer theory. It is assumed that a cloud field is optically thick. Thus, only overcast cloud fields are under consideration. The study is based on the independent column approximation, assuming Gamma distribution of cloud...

If the benthic boundary in optically shallow waters is spatially inhomogeneous or sloping, the underwater light field is inherently three-dimensional (3D). Numerical simulations of 3D underwater radiances were made for environmental conditions observed in shallow Bahamian waters. The simulations show that if the pattern of bottom reflectance for an inhomogeneous but level bottom has a spatial s...

The microstructure of dual phase steels can be considered as a matrix of ferrite phase reinforced by martensite particles. Recent measurements show that the mechanical properties of the ferrite phase are changed with the distance from the martensite grains. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to consider this phenomenon in finite element modeling of dual phase steels microstructure. I...

Fast protein dynamics can be missed with techniques that have relatively slow observation times. Using 2D IR spectroscopy and isotope labeling, we have probed the rapid, picosecond dynamics of a membrane protein in its native environment. By measuring the homogeneous and inhomogeneous IR linewidths of 11 amide I modes (backbone carbonyl stretch), we have captured the structural distributions an...