High-fidelity simulation uses simulators that combine all of the physiological and pharmacological responses of a human in a manikin. These simulators change and respond to the users and trainees. Using simulators for teaching sedation in the field of gastroenterology unifies all the advantages of manikins. To understand the pharmacological and pharmacodynamical principles of drugs used for sed...

There has been a steady, almost exponential increase in the number of robot-assisted surgeries (RAS) during the past few decades, and this increase has brought about the need to develop simulation-enhanced training [1]. Surgical education has been vastly influenced by the military and aviation industries, which excessively depend on simulation training before real-life exposure [2]. Through the...

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), with its aptitude for quick recovery and minimal scarring, has revolutionized surgery over the past few years. As a result, the development of a VR-based surgical trainer for MIS has been a popular area of research. However, there still remains a fundamental question of how realistic the simulation has to be for effective training. On the one hand, learning sur...

Background: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) can be learned using high-fidelity virtual-reality platforms and low-fidelity models comprised of molded silicone or excised animal airways. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine perceptions and preferences of learners and instructors regarding the comparative effectiveness of low-fidelity and high-fidelity bronch...

Currently, the majority of distal radius reduction models use fractured synthetic bones, however, lack soft tissues lowers fidelity simulation causing poor discriminative abilities between individuals different experience levels. When are incorporated into model to increase haptic feedback, outer shell makes it difficult accurately assess adequacy reduction. Thus, while these can provide biofee...