Herbicide safeners are chemicals used for manipulating the tolerance of large-seeded grass crops to selected soil-applied herbicides. The physiological interactions of herbicides and their respective safeners are characterized by the following facts: a) safeners are most effective when applied prior to or simultaneously with the herbicides whose injury they prevent; b) safeners exhibit a high d...

Herbicide safeners increase herbicide tolerance in cereals but not in dicotyledenous crops. The reason(s) for this difference in safening is unknown. However, safener-induced protection in cereals is associated with increased expression of herbicide detoxifying enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings growing in liquid medium with various safeners...

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is moderately tolerant to the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide topramezone. However, the contribution of plant metabolism of topramezone to this tolerance is unknown. Experiments were conducted to determine if known cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitors 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and malathion alone or in combination with t...

The objective of this trial was to compare Katagon (tolpyralate/nicosulfuron) standard treatments for weed control in corn. plus atrazine applied early postemergence as effective any herbicide tested on the weeds present. When application timing delayed late postemergence, most herbicides were less effective. Early season corn injury minor and did not persist. Although increased yields relative...

BACKGROUND Data on the spectrum of corrosive injury to the esophagus after paraquat or glyphosate-surfactant ingestion are sparse in the literature and confined to case studies and brief reports. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the clinical features, degrees of esophageal injury, and clinical outcomes after paraquat or glyphosate herbicide ingestion, and sought to determine what associat...

The GST (EC 2.5.1.18) family of enzymes are well known for their role in the detoxification of various xenobiotic compounds in both plant and animal systems. These enzymes facilitate the addition of GSH, y-glutamylcysteinylglycine, to an electrophilic site of a suitable substrate, yielding a GSH conjugate. In maize (Zea mays), the GSH-conjugation reaction is responsible for the metabolism of se...