the scientific community agrees that climate change is one of the greatest challenges that oursociety will have to face this century. indeed, the fourth report from the intergovernmental panel on climatechange (ippc) confirms the certitude of this phenomenon and its impacts, which can range from droughts tofloods, health problems and food shortages. the principal objective of this paper is to a...

In Germany, spatial structures of precipitation are mainly determined by the orography and its position in relation to the sea. This is not only the case for long-term means of precipitation sums (Klein and Menz 2003), but holds true for heavy precipitation as well, as shown on the basis of the frequency of daily sums of 10 mm and more (Gerstengarbe and Werner 2009). As visualized in Fig. 1, la...

The diurnal cycle of the North American monsoon is analyzed based on the output from a mesoscale model simulation. Statistically significant diurnal cycle in precipitation is identified, with heavy precipitation—essentially convective—dominating in local afternoons. Temporal evolution of key parameters in relation to precipitation is investigated, based on which a sequence of the dynamic/thermo...

Secular trends of daily precipitation characteristics are considered in the transient climate change experiment with a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model ECHAM4/OPYC3 for 1900–2099. The climate forcing is due to increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mean daily precipitation, precipitation intensity, probability of wet days and parameters of the gam...

introduction precipitation, an intrinsic part of nature, is essential not only for the survival of human but also for that of plants and animals. yet, this valuable natural phenomenon can also jeopardise human life, flora and fauna. torrential rains are sudden events that wreak havoc in iran and other parts of the world. in recent years, due to man's abuse of nature and disruption of environmen...

electroplating industry wastewater (eiw) characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (cod) is a big source of water and air contamination with heavy metals. the formation of cyanide complex with heavy metals is responsible for its elevated cod. the concentration of heavy metals in eiw can be removed by the use of different precipitating agents (sulfide and hydroxide). but the major bottleneck ...

We apply a cubic-plus-association equation of state to study the asphaltene precipitation from n-alkane diluted model solutions (asphalteneþtoluene), and heavy oils and bitumens. Heavy oils and bitumens are characterized in terms of saturates, aromatics/resins, and asphaltenes; n-alkanes are treated independently. The asphaltene precipitation is modeled as liquid-liquid phase equilibrium. The s...

Extremes of the hydrologic cycle will accompany global warming, causing precipitation intensity to increase, particularly in middle and high latitudes. During the twentieth century, the frequency of major storms has already increased, and the total precipitation increase over this time period has primarily come from the greater number of heavy events. The Great Lakes region is projected to expe...

there are a number of ideas to generate cloud and precipitation in the southern coasts of caspian sea, but none of them explain the cause of precipitation particularly heavy and super heavy precipitations precisely. this study describes main thermodynamic factors when the situation and location of synoptic patterns are effective. on the basis of daily data, monthly regimes and monthly trends of...