Our objective was to formulate a general and useful model of the energy economy of the growing animal. We developed a theory that the respiratory energy per unit of size reaches a minimum at a particular point, when the marginal respiratory heat production rate is equal to the average rate. This occurs at what we defined as the energetically optimal size for the animal. The relationship between...

The FOK rat was established as an inbred strain with genotypic adaptation to a hot environment. To investigate the mechanism of the heat resistance of FOK rats, heat production by isolated brown adipocytes in FOK and WKAH rats was measured at 37.0 and 39.9 degrees C. Basal heat production by brown adipocytes of FOK rats was not significantly different from that of WKAH rats. Isoproterenol incre...

The UCP1 [first UCP (uncoupling protein)] that is found in the mitochondria of brown adipocytes [BAT (brown adipose tissue)] regulates the heat production, a process linked to non-shivering thermogenesis. The activity of UCP1 is modulated by GDP and fatty acids. In this report, we demonstrate that respiration and heat released by BAT mitochondria vary depending on the respiratory substrate util...

Background: Despite demonstration of molecular and biochemical changes induced by heat shock on Leishmania, the immunological importance of such changes has not been elucidated.  Objective: Studying the effect of two excretory factors prepared under heat shock and ambient temperature from Leishmania major on Balb/c splenocytes function.  Methods: The parasites were cultured at 25°C and then sub...

Elongation rate and heat produced by Avena coleoptile segments suspended in sucrose buffer solutions were measured at pH values from 3.5 to 8.5. The caloric efficiency of elongation (CEE) was defined as the ratio of the rate of elongation to the rate of heat production. Elongation and CEE were greatest at intermediate pH values, but heat production (about 1 cal/g.hr) was insensitive to pH withi...

A proinflammatory role for glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) has been demonstrated. Here, we addressed its roles on heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus-induced microglial inflammation. Heat-inactivated S. aureus induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) production, at least in part, via a Toll-like receptor 2-regulated pathway. Neutralization of TNF-alpha...

We have previously shown that avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) is downregulated on exposure to acute heat stress, stimulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage. In this study, we investigated whether upregulation of avUCP could attenuate oxidative damage caused by acute heat stress. Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) were fed either a control diet or an o...

Moderate heat shock increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that led to cell death in glucose-grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Conditions that disturb mitochondrial functions such as treatment by uncouplers and petite mutation were shown to inhibit ROS production and protects cell from thermal death. Hence, mitochondria are responsible for ROS production and play an active role ...

In Denmark a considerable number of houses are connected to a district heating system. In a district heating system several production units may exist, and for the considered district heating system this is indeed the case. The production cost varies from production unit to production unit – the cheapest is often a waste incinerator plant. The varying consumption of heat means that some units n...

Combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) units can be integrated with conventional separate cooling, heat, and power production units to meet demands. The goal of this study is to develop and examine a hybrid GA-heuristic optimization algorithm for solving the unit commitment problem for integrated CCHP-thermal-heat only system with considerations for electricity boiler. When environmental emis...