The language of scene descriptions 2 must allow a hearer to build structures of schemas similar (to some level of detail) to those the speaker has built via perceptual processes. The understanding process in general requires a hearer to create and run "event ~ " to check the consistency and plausibility of a "picture" constructed from a speaker's description. A speaker must also run similar eve...

Purpose To present the Organizational Courage Assessment (OCA) and explore its construct validity. Design/Methodology/Approach The OCA assesses the frequency that members (1) observe potential acts of courage in their organization and (2) fear performing those acts of courage—which defines four types of organizations: bureaucratic organizations (little fear with few acts of courage), fearful or...

Introduction: Moral distress is a harmful factor in nursing. Ethical courage helps nurses to perform nursing care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between moral distress and moral courage of nurses working in selected hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in Pandemic Covid 19. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 204 nu...

Background: Moral courage is an important criterion in nursing for moral care. Enormous moral challenges facing students of nursing in their clinical environment require being morally courageous. Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore factors concerning nursing students’ moral courage. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Zanjan 2018, focusing on 208 nursing students ...

As Grice defined it, a speaker conversationally implicates that p only if the speaker expects the hearer to recognize that the speaker thinks that p. This paper argues that in the sorts of cases that Grice took as paradigmatic examples of conversational implicature there is in fact no need for the hearer to consider what the speaker might thus have in mind. Instead, the hearer might simply make...

All Canadian bioethicists need to reflect on the meaning and value of their work, to see more clearly how the ethics of bioethics is being undermined from within. In the case involving Dr Olivieri, the Hospital for Sick Children, the University of Toronto, and Apotex Inc, there were countless opportunities for bioethical heroism. And yet, no bioethics heroes emerged from this case. Much has bee...

BACKGROUND The Vivian Bullwinkel Oration honours the life and work of an extraordinary nurse. Given her story and that of her World War II colleagues, the topic of nursing heroism in the 21st century could not be more germane. DISCUSSION Is heroism a legitimate part of nursing, or are nurses simply 'just doing their job' even when facing extreme personal danger? In this paper I explore the pl...