in this research, host stage preference of parasitoid wasp, aphidius matricariae haliday in choice and no-choice tests and functional response of the parasitoid were investigated on common wheat aphid, schizaphis graminum rondani on the alvand cultivar in laboratory conditions at 20, 25 and 30 °c, rh 70 ±10 % and a photoperiod of 16 h l : 8 h d. the maximum mean parasitisms in choice and no-cho...

Deadline handling is a fundamental part of real-time computing but has been practiced in ad hoc forms for decades. A general framework for systematic deadline handling in real-time distributed computer systems is proposed in this paper. The notions of hard deadlines and hard-real-time program components are discussed along with the advantages of a hard-real-time component based construction app...

Being able to deal with time-warped sequences is crucial for a large number of tasks autonomous agents can be faced with in real-world environments , where robustness concerning natural temporal variability is required, and similar sequences of events should automatically be treated in a similar way. Such tasks can easily be dealt with by natural animals, but equipping an animat with this capab...

The problem of accurately predicting handling time for software defects is of great practical importance. However, it is difficult to suggest a practical generic algorithm for such estimates, due in part to the limited information available when opening a defect and the lack of a uniform standard for defect structure. We suggest an algorithm to address these challenges that is implementable ove...

Many exposures of epidemiological interest are time varying, and the values of potential confounders may change over time leading to time varying confounding. The aim of many longitudinal studies is to estimate the causal effect of a time varying exposure on an outcome that requires adjusting for time varying confounding. Time varying confounding affected by previous exposure often occurs in pr...

Simple predator-prey type models have brought much insight into the dynamics of both nonspecific and antigen-specific immune responses. However, until now most attention has been focused on examining how the dynamics of interactions between the parasite and the immune system depends on the nature of the function describing the rate of activation or proliferation of immune cells in response to t...

In this paper, we discuss an adaptive method of handling fragmented user utterances to a speech-based multimodal dialogue system. Inserted silent pauses between fragments present the following problem: Does the current silence indicate that the user has completed her utterance, or is the silence just a pause between two fragments, so that the system should wait for more input? Our system increm...

Collision handling is a comparatively timeconsuming task in dynamic simulations and the computational efficiency of collision handling techniques can vary significantly dependent on the spatial configuration of the environment. These issues have to be addressed in interactive simulations such as games or surgical simulators, where a pre-defined response time should be guaranteed for each simula...

Applications should be able to dynamically adapt their run-time behavior to the resources available instead of relying on pre-computed scheduling and resource requirements. Under overload conditions, applicationspecific policies will be applied in order to bring the total resource requirements within the available resources. The paper describes a flexible architecture for real-time applications...