Universality says that the mechanisms of hadron production are the same in all high-energy processes in which most of the final state hadrons arise from hard or semi-hard scattering of partons. Differences in the detailed composition of the final states are assumed to be due to differences in the flavours and configurations of the initial partons. Perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) has ...

We illustrate one-loop weak corrections to three-jet production in ee at √ s = MZ , to the production of a Z or γ in association with a hard jet at hadron colliders and to the production cross section of two b-jets at Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC).