Stomata are highly specialized organs that consist of pairs of guard cells and regulate gas and water vapor exchange in plants [1-3]. Although early stages of guard cell differentiation have been described [4-10] and were interpreted in analogy to processes of cell type differentiation in animals [11], the downstream development of functional stomatal guard cells remains poorly understood. We h...

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We provide a spectrum of results for the Universal Guard Problem, in which one is to obtain a small set of points (“guards”) that are “universal” in their ability to guard any of a set of possible polygonal domains in the plane. We give upper and lower bounds on the number of universal guards that are always sufficient to guard all polygons having a given set of n vertices, or to guard all poly...

A guard trace placed near a signal line reduces commonmode radiation from a printed circuit board. The reduction effect is evaluated by the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors, when the guard trace has exactly the same potential as the return plane. However, depending on interval of ground connection of the guard trace, the radiation can increase when the guard trace r...

Isolated guard cells, prepared by sonication of epidermal peels, were used to investigate the endogenous level of abscisic acid (ABA) in the guard cells of turgid and stressed leaves of Vicia faba L. and the argenteum (arg) mutant of Pisum sativum L. The guard cells of V. faba and arg were found to contain 18 and 8 times more ABA, respectively, when isolated from stressed leaves than from turgi...

The three art gallery problems Vertex Guard, Edge Guard and Point Guard are known to be NP -hard [8]. Approximation algorithms for Vertex Guard and Edge Guard with a logarithmic ratio were proposed in [7]. We prove that for each of these problems, there exists a constant > 0, such that no polynomial time algorithm can guarantee an approximation ratio of 1 + unless P = NP . We obtain our results...

We provide a spectrum of results for the Universal Guard Problem, in which one is to obtain a small set of points (“guards”) that are “universal” in their ability to guard any of a set of possible polygonal domains in the plane. We give upper and lower bounds on the number of universal guards that are always sufficient to guard all polygons having a given set of n vertices, or to guard all poly...

stomatal closure are accompanied by cytosolic alkalization in guard cells. However, it remains to be clarifi ed how the alkalization functions in not only ABA signaling but also MeJA. We investigated cytosolic alkalization in guard cells during ABA-, MeJAand Ca 2 + -induced stomatal closure of wild type, abi1-1 , abi2-1 , ost1-2 and coi1 using a pHsensitive fl uorescent dye, BCECF-AM. ABA induc...