This vignette introduces the gsl package of R utilities for accessing the functions of the GSL package. An earlier version of this document was published as Hankin (2006).

Natural populations persist in complex environments, where biotic stressors, such as pathogen and insect communities, fluctuate temporally and spatially. These shifting biotic pressures generate heterogeneous selective forces that can maintain standing natural variation within a species. To directly test if genes containing causal variation for the Arabidopsis thaliana defensive compounds, gluc...

Five glycosphingolipids (GSL), glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, trihexosylceramide, globoside, and hematoside (GM3) were studied in serum from normal human subjects and patients with dyslipoproteinemia and found to be exclusively associated with the various classes of serum lipoproteins. Based on a unit weight of lipoprotein protein, the total amount of GSL in serum normal subjects was twic...

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a unique population of CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes expressing an invariant T cell receptor encoded by Vα14-Jα18 and Vα24-Jα18 gene segments in mice and humans, respectively. Recognition of CD1d-loaded endogenous lipid antigen(s) on CD4/CD8-double positive (DP) thymocytes is essential for the development of iNKT cells. The lipid repertoire of D...

A growing body of evidence demonstrates a correlation between Th2 cytokines and the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Therefore, we hypothesized that GSL-1, a monoglycosylceramide from Sphingomonas ssp. with pro-Th1 activity on invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) lymphocytes, could counterbalance the Th2 profile and modulate glomerulosclerosis. Using an adriamycin(ADM)...

Alterations in glycosphingolipid (GSL) production results in lysosomal storage disorders associated with neurodegenerative changes. In Gaucher's disease, the patients also develop osteoporosis that is ameliorated upon treatment for the underlying defect in GSL metabolism. The role of GSLs in osteoclast and osteoblast formation is discussed here as well as the potential therapeutic uses of alrea...

Macrophages in mouse bone marrow cultures were investigated with macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody F4/80 and anti-Forssman glycosphingolipid (GSL) antibody, which was specific for macrophages in hematopoietic foci. Antibody F4/80 stained two types of cells, small macrophages and large flat macrophages associated with hematopoietic cells. The cytochemical and phagocytotic characteristics w...

We cloned a major aliphatic glucosinolate (GSL) gene, BoGSL-ELONG in Brassica oleracea, using the Arabidopsis sequence database. We based our work on an Arabidopsis candidate gene forming part of a gene family coding for isopropyl malate synthetase-like enzymes (IPMS). This gene is presumably responsible for synthesis of GSL possessing side chains consisting of four carbons (4C). The similarity...

The here presented work reports on incorporation of a core grammar of Greek Sign Language (GSL) into a Greek to GSL conversion tool. The output of conversion feeds a signing avatar, enabling dynamic sign synthesis. Efficient conversion is of significant importance in order to support access to e-content by the Greek deaf community, given that the conversion tool may well be integrated into vari...

The elevation of Great Salt Lake (GSL) has a great impact on the people of Utah. The flood of GSL in 1982 has caused a loss of millions of dollars. Therefore, it is very important to predict the GSL levels as precisely as possible. This paper points out the reason why conventional methods failed to describe adequately the rise and fall of the GSL levels – the long-range dependence (LRD) propert...