Differences in the composition and subcellular localization of heteroreceptors brain can trigger central nervous system diseases, including epilepsy autism. Protein-protein interactions between Dopamine Receptors (DRs) GLUN2A GLUN2B subunits are critical mechanisms that regulate dopamine glutamate coordinated signals. These may be involved pathophysiological predisposition epilepsy. We hypothes...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is known to contain estrogen (E)- concentrating neurons. In addition, injections of E into BST have been reported to potentiate the sympathoinhibitory arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses elicited by glutamate (Glu) stimulation. In this study, the effect of GABA-A antagonist receptors, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), in the rostral ven...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is known to contain estrogen (E)- concentrating neurons. In addition, injections of E into BST have been reported to potentiate the sympathoinhibitory arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses elicited by glutamate (Glu) stimulation. In this study, the effect of GABA-A antagonist receptors, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), in the rostral ven...

one of the major classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors is the class of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars). receptor activation recruits, via calcium signal transduction mechanisms which play important roles in oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial free radical production and occurrence of other mitochondrial factors which potentially contribute to excitotoxicity and neuronal death. in...

Abstract The NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressed by AII and A17 amacrine cells, the two main inhibitory interneurons of rod pathway microcircuit in mammalian retina, are exclusively extrasynaptic, activated ambient levels glutamate, molecularly distinct, with amacrines expressing GluN2B‐ GluN2A‐containing receptors, respectively. This important sensory thus provides a unique model to study activa...

Drug addiction has developed to a social illness. Changes in glutamate transmission have been recorded by the repeated administration of addictive drugs into VTA. In this investigation, In vivo microdialysis was used to study the effects of morphine on glutamate release from the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) in freely moving rats. Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, i.p.) and...

The concept of ‘‘excitotoxicity’’ was introduced in 1969 when Olney and Sharpe first demonstrated that neurons exposed to their own neurotransmitter glutamate were destined to die [49]. Later on, in 1985, glutamate toxicity was associated with anoxic cell death, since anoxic depolarization resulted in the release of glutamate into the extracellular compartments [42, 54]. Similarly, in 1987, Cho...

Glutamate receptors play major roles in excitatory transmission in the vertebrate brain. Among ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, kainate, NMDA), AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission and require TARP auxiliary subunits. NMDA receptors and kainate receptors play roles in synaptic transmission, but it remains uncertain whether these ionotropic glutamate receptors also have essenti...

Ambient glutamate plays an important role in pathological conditions, such as stroke, but its role during normal activity is not clear. In addition, it is not clear how ambient glutamate acts on glutamate receptors with varying affinities or subcellular localizations. To address this, we studied "endbulb of Held" synapses, which are formed by auditory nerve fibers onto bushy cells (BCs) in the ...