there are many approaches for solving variety combinatorial optimization problems (np-compelete) that devided to exact solutions and approximate solutions. exact methods can only be used for very small size instances due to their expontional search space. for real-world problems, we have to employ approximate methods such as evolutionary algorithms (eas) that find a near-optimal solution in a r...

Estimating the lateral depth variations of the Earth’s crust from gravity data is a non-linear ill-posed problem. The ill-posedness of the problem is due to the presence of noise in the data, and also the non-uniqueness of the problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a stochastic population-based optimizer, originally inspired by the social behavior of fish schools and bird flocks. PSO is ...