A pH electrode measures hydrogen ion (H+) activity and produces an electrical potential or voltage. The operation of the pH electrode is based on the principle that an electric potential develops when two liquids of different pH come into contact at opposite sides of a thin glass membrane. This was originally discovered in 1906 by Max Cremer [1]. His discovery laid the foundation for Fritz Habe...

It is shown that the glass electrode may be used without appreciable error to measure pH of ammonia or ammonium chloride buffers, but that corrections must be applied above pH 8.6 if sodium ions are present in the unknown solution. Corrections are given for values from pH 8.6 to 9.4. A slight further modification of form of glass electrode used by previous workers is described.

This study on potentiometric titration of polyprotic acids and bases using a glass electrode is a continuation of our paper (Maslarska V., Tencheva J., Budevsky O., Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 217 (2003)) [1]. The derived earlier theoretical equation was found to fit well the experimental data. A commercial software was applied and main attention was paid to the analytical result rather than to ...

We have investigated the variations in the potentials of sodium-selective glass-membrane electrodes in various concentrations of albumin. These protein solutions serve as a simple model for measurements of electrolytes in whole blood, plasma, or serum with such an electrode. The results indicate that albumin-sodium binding and variations in liquid-junction potentials are of negligible importanc...

A simple thermodynamic theory of the equilibrium potentials of membrane electrodes is formulated and applied to the glass electrode for measurement of pH. The new formulation assumes the selective adsorption or binding of specific ions on the surface of the membrane which may or may not be permeable to the ion, and includes the conventional derivation based on reversible ion transport across me...

Thin-film electrodes for a low-power direct methanol fuel cell DMFC were prepared by incorporating carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles Pt/C into a silicon dioxide glass matrix. The SiO2 matrix was prepared via a sol-gel technique where tetraethyl orthosilicate TEOS was hydrolyzed by H2O in the presence of methanol. The Pt/C was stirred into the sol and the resulting mixture was applied to a glass...

Stainless steel based dye solar cells have been upscaled from small, laboratory size test cells of 0.32 cm2 active area to 6 cm x 6 cm "mini-modules" with active areas ca. 15 cm2. Stainless steel works as the photoelectrode substrate whilst the counter electrode is prepared on indium-doped tin oxide coated polyethyleneterephtalate or polyethylenenaphtalate plastic foil (fluorine-doped tin oxide...

The impedance measurement between a pair of flush-mounted electrodes was used to measure the characteristics of a stratified near-wall bubbly flow. The variation in cross electrode impedance with liquid layer thickness and mixture void fraction was examined using numerical simulations and static experiments. The experimental realization of the measurement system was used to measure the solid fr...