This study was conducted to examine the effect of three types of comments, i.e. imperatives, questions, and statements, with different communicative purposes, i.e. giving information and making a request, given by an ELT teacher and peers on  students’ revision of their writings. Sixty-four female students, between 16 and 26 years old studying at high-intermediate level of English language prof...

This article presents the formalisation of the weak and strong permission in deontic logic based on the logic of enactment. A permission that follows from the absence of a prohibition, we call a weak permission; this permission is not enacted. A strong permission is always enacted (implicitly or explicitly), and implies a giving choice. The distinction between these two types of permission is a...

Abstract While recent empirical evidence reveals some effective interventions in preventing corruption among bureaucrats and politicians, there has been little discussion on how to prevent the bribe-giving behavior of ordinary citizens. This paper investigates role social media information influencing supply bribes by citizens instead demand side. We, therefore, developed published an original ...

BACKGROUND A literature review was undertaken to establish the effects on surgery patients' anxiety levels of giving them information before they attend theatre. CONCLUSION There is plenty of evidence that pre-operative information giving can reduce patients' anxiety regarding surgery. It might be better to provide this information before patients are admitted to hospital, as they are more li...

We generalize standard delegation models to consider policymaking when both information and authority are dispersed among multiple actors. In our theory, the principal may delegate partial authority to a privately-informed agent while also reserving some authority for the principal’s use after observing the agent’s decision. Counterintuitively, the equilibrium amount of authority delegated to t...

We have explored how a conversational agent can introduce a selected topic in an ongoing non-task oriented interaction with a user, where the selected topic has little to do with the current topic. Based on the reasoning process of the agent we have constructed a set of transition strategies to introduce the new topic. We tested the effects of each of these strategies on the perception of the d...

BACKGROUND Oncologists often do not give honest prognostic and treatment-effect information to patients with advanced disease. One of the primary reasons stated for witholding this information is to "not take away hope." We could find no study that tested if hope was influenced by honest clinical information. METHODS We tested decision-aids in 27 patients with advanced cancer who were facing ...