J. Scott McNally,1,3 Michael E. Davis,1,3 Don P. Giddens,2 Aniket Saha,1,2 Jinah Hwang,1,2 Sergey Dikalov,1 Hanjoong Jo,1,2 and David G. Harrison1,3 1Division of Cardiology, 2Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, and 3Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322; and the Atlanta Veterans Hospital Medical Cen...

The theory of autopoiesis, that is systems that are self-producing or self-constructing, was originally developed to explain the particular nature of living as opposed to non-living entities. It was subsequently enlarged to encompass cognition and language leading to what is known as second-order cybernetics. However, as with earlier biological theories, many authors have tried to extend the do...

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