The type of immune response is critical for successful protection and typically determined by pathogen-associated danger molecules. In contrast, protein antigens are usually regarded as passive target structures. Here, we provide evidence that the structure of the antigen can profoundly influence the type of response that is elicited under else identical conditions. In mice, gene gun vaccines i...

agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation may offer a better alternative than the biolistic gun for genetic transformation of maize plants. this gene delivery system results in a greater proportion of stable, low-copy number transgenic events than does the biolistic gun, and is highly efficient. in the present work, we studied maize transformation using a. tumefaciens by identifying som...

INTRODUCTION: Gene therapy using retroviral and, more recently, adenoviral vectors is gaining interest in orthopedics. Particle-mediated gene transfer with a gene gun is a novel non-viral alternative that carries great promise [1]. The basic principle of particle-mediated gene transfer is to use high velocity DNA-coated gold particles that are accelerated by high pressure helium gas to penetrat...

Relatively little has been studied on the AMA-1 vaccine against Plasmodium vivax and on the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding P. vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1). In the present study, a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax has been constructed and a preliminary study was done on its cellular immunogenicity to recipient BALB/c mice. The PvAMA-1 gene was cloned and expressed in t...

Keratinization disorders Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis KRT1, KRT10 12 Epidermolytic PPK KRT9 12 Non-epidermolytic PPK KRT16 12 Vohwinkel’s syndrome LOR 31 Ichthyosis bullosa Siemens KRT2e 64 Pachonychia congenita type 1/2 KRT6a, 16, 17 64 X-linked ichthyosis STS 7 Lamellar ichthyosis TGM1 31 Palmoplantar keratoderma GJB2 61 with deafness Erythrokeratodermia variabilis GJB3 60 Darier’s disease AT...

We have studied the immune responses to the two glycoproteins of the Morbillivirus canine distemper virus (CDV) after DNA vaccination of BALB/c mice. The plasmids coding for both CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein (F) induce high levels of antibodies which persist for more than 6 months. Intramuscular inoculation of the CDV DNA induces a predominantly immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) response (...

IMPORTANCE Gun violence and injuries pose a substantial threat to children and youth in the United States. Existing evidence points to the need for interventions and policies for keeping guns out of the hands of children and youth. OBJECTIVES (1) To examine the association between state gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States, and (2) to determine whether adult gun own...

A widely publicized but unpublished study of the relationship between gun shows and gun violence is being cited in debates about the regulation of gun shows and gun commerce. We believe the study is fatally flawed. A working paper entitled "The Effect of Gun Shows on Gun-Related Deaths: Evidence from California and Texas" outlined this study, which found no association between gun shows and gun...

We developed a DNA vaccine to protect against hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The vaccine consists of two plasmid DNAs that produce immunogenic proteins of two of the four etiologic agents of HFRS, Hantaan, and Puumala viruses. The DNA is precipitated onto micrometer-sized gold beads and delivered to the skin of animals or human volunteers using a hand-held disposable “gene gun.” ...