Although previous studies have identified many extracellular guidance molecules and intracellular signaling proteins that regulate axonal outgrowth and extension, most were conducted in the context of unidirectional neurite growth, in which the guidance cues either attract or repel growth cones. Very few studies addressed how intracellular signaling molecules differentially specify bidirectiona...

Although the Ras subfamily of GTPases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that couple extracellular stimuli to Ras protein activation have been identified. Furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the M-Ras/R-Ras3 GTPase. Here we report the identification and characterization of three Ras family GEF...

Capsule Background: Rab localization has been ascribed to the localization of their GEF (Guanine nucleotide exchange factor). Results: GEF deletions result in mislocalization of Rabs to other membranes, which can be bypassed by a Rab mutant. Conclusion: GEFs are critical for Rab localization, but Rabs also have a GEF-independent ability to localize correctly. Significance: Our data reveal that ...

The Ras-related GTPase Rap1 stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion and spreading in various mammalian cell types. Here, we demonstrate that Rap1 regulates cell spreading by localizing guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that act via the Rho family GTPase Rac1. Rap1a activates Rac1 and requires Rac1 to enhance spreading, whereas Rac1 induces spreading independently of Rap1. Active Rap1a bi...

Abstract Statistical methods have been widely used to postprocess ensemble weather forecasts for hydrological predictions. However, most of the statistical postprocessing apply a single variable at location, thus neglecting intersite and intervariable dependence structures forecast variables. This study synthesized multisite multivariate (MSMV) framework that extends univariate method MSMV vers...

Generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous epilepsy syndrome. Using positional cloning strategies, mutations in SCN1B, SCN1A, and GABRG2 have been identified as genetic causes of GEFS+. In the present study, we describe a large four generation family with GEFS+ in which we performed a 10 cM density genome-wide scan. We obtained conclusi...