The creation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), in the Uruguay Round, and its entry into force in 1995 marked a new stage in the history of the multilateral system. It was motivated essentially by the rapid expansion of international services trade within an increasingly open environment in many countries. Given the peculiarities of services trade, including the intangible na...

In this paper we examine the interaction between the different modes of market access commitments in services (cross-border and establishment) market structure, and regulation. In this context, we focus on the impact of improved domestic market access for a foreign service provider on a domestic service market. We work with a model where the domestic industry is assumed to be imperfectly compet...

Based on the first comprehensive mapping of telecommunications provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs), this paper shows that RTAs have evolved and expanded significantly over years. While some focus information communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure, policy investment, other address services as well standards conformity assessment procedures ICT equipment. The most detailed ar...

Among the ASEAN members, compared to other Indonesia is relatively more liberal in opening up international trade financial services, especially banking sector. Through its submission of CIO WTO 2005, some degree offered certain liberalization sector, together with services governed under GATS. On hand, members show their carefulness liberalizing sectors. As consequence, on one hand foreign ban...

Robert Howse is professor of law at University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Elisabeth Tuerk is staff attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), Geneva, Switzerland. SETTING THE STAGE FOR NEGOTIATIONS At present, WTO members are negotiating to further liberalize international trade in services. Services cover activities ranging from financial and telecommu...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a safe and effective method currently used in the treatment of skin cancer. In ALA-based PDT, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), or ALA esters, are used as pro-drugs to induce the formation of the potent photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Activation of PpIX by light causes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and toxic responses. Studies have indicated t...