nowadays, transportation sector consumes about 27 percent of the whole energy in iran. therefore, after domestic and business sectors which consume about 40 percent of the whole energy, transportation is placed in the second rank. however, the financial value of transportation is of the highest importance. moreover, having 55percent of gasoline product consumption transportation has been also r...

The discovery of bromine represents one of the first experimental evidences that elements could be grouped in families of similar properties. Transformation of the new element and its derivatives into a commercial reality had to wait until automobiles begun to be mass-produced. The pattern end use of bromine has reflected the changes in social appreciation of environmental protection and safety...

In this paper, we investigate the use of adaptive extended Luenberger state estimators for general nonlinear and possibly time-varying systems. We identify the connection between the extended Luenberger observer and Grossberg’s additive model for dynamic neural networks. The association between dynamic neural networks and the Luenberger observer leads to an obvious modification on the proposed ...

The article discusses the possibility of using glycerol as an additive to engine fuel in order reduce tendency combustion knock, and thus increase octane number a given fuel. Experimental tests were carried out on UIT-85 research with variable compression ratio from eight eleven test intensity knock. completely renewable fuel—the blend butanol 25 75%, respectively—was tested. A comparative anal...

The synthesis and application of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) are achieving increasing importance due to its low toxicity and versatile reactivity. DMC can be used as environmentfriendly intermediate and starting material for organic synthesis via carbonylation and it can replace methylating agents such as dimethyl sulphate and methyl halides [1–3]. DMC is also being considered as a component for r...

A widely used gasoline additive, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), has been controversial, in part because of concerns about potential inhalation health effects and more recently because of added concerns about water contamination. Although many of the issues related to MTBE have not been fully resolved, several apparent paradoxes can be discerned, including the fact that something intended t...

Gasoline taxes can correct externalities associated with automobile use, reduce dependency on foreign oil, and raise government revenue. Our understanding of the optimal gasoline tax and the efficacy of existing taxes is largely based on empirical analysis of consumer responses to gasoline price changes. In this paper, we directly examine how gasoline taxes affect consumer behavior as distinct ...

With increasingly stringent emission and fuel consumption regulations, additives have been proved to a huge role in energy conservation reduction, new type of additive based on nitroparaffin has received worldwide attention. An experimental study was conducted with the aim developing an understanding additive’s effect 1.5L naturally aspirated PFI gasoline engine’s power performance, economy, em...