Herein we report results of transplant experiments that link variation in host plant quality to herbivore fitness at the local scale (among adjacent plants) with the process of local (demic) adaptation at the landscape scale to explain the observed distribution of the specialist gall former Belonocnema treatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) within populations of its host plant, Quercus fusiformis. Fi...

IntrOductIOn Diverticulum of the gall bladder is an important but distinct anatomical entity with significant clinical implications. Congenital diverticulum of the gall bladder is one of the rarest of all anomalies, corroborated by its very low incidence and infrequent reports and references in the literature [1]. Diverticulum can be of congenital or acquired variety. The congenital type contai...

Introduction: Plant galls are insect-induced tumor-like growths of plant tissue which nourish and protect developing gall former larvae (1). Gall inducers are typically host specific (2). The morphology of galls produced is unique to each gall former species and reflects the expression of both insect and host plant genomes (3). For each species of gall inducer, gall size at maturity varies wide...

BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinaemia has been associated with many common diseases in developed countries, such as ischaemic heart disease and colon cancer. Gall stones are also very prevalent in these countries but little is known about the association between insulin and gall stones. AIMS To study the relationships between insulin and the incidence of gall stones in a sample of the general populati...

To evaluate whether the extent of postprandial gall bladder emptying is correlated with gall bladder fasting volume, gall bladder motility was studied in 56 patients with cholesterol gall stone and 19 control patients. Gall bladder volumes were determined sonographically, while cholecystokinin plasma values were measured radioimmunologically. Twenty three per cent of gall stone patients were cl...

The increased prevalence of gall stones in Crohn's disease is thought to be related to depletion of the bile salt pool due either to terminal ileal disease or after ileal resection. This study was designed to examine whether this hypothesis is correct and explore alternative explanations. Two hundred and fifty one randomly selected patients (156 females, 95 males, mean age 45 years) were interv...

Gall bladder motor function is impaired in some patients with diabetes. It has been suggested that the abnormalities of gall bladder motility are confined to those patients with autonomic neuropathy. Erythromycin, a motilin receptor agonist, causes gall bladder contraction in both normal subjects and patients with gall stones with impaired gall bladder emptying. The effect of erythromycin on ga...

Gall bladder is more likely to perforate in cases of obstruction leading to raised intra luminal tension. Non obstructive cholecystitis is unlikely to result in perforation. Perforation complicating acute acalculus cholecystitis is often seen in association with acute infections like pneumonia, viral influenza, and in particular with typhoid where the causative organism Salmonella typhii multip...

Background—Nitric oxide is a major neurotransmitter in non-adrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) pathways. NANC inhibitory innervation has been shown in human gall bladder muscle in vitro; the role of nitric oxide in human gall bladder emptying however is undefined. Aims—To study the eVect of glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, on gall bladder emptying in healthy subjects using a randomised,...

Purpose: Objective of the study was to find out if there is any relation of number, size and type of gall stones and patient’s lipid profile with the occurrence of gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) as presence of gall stones is considered to be the most important risk factor for gall bladder cancer. Methods: 200 specimens of post-cholecystectomy gallbladder were studied. The number, size and type of...