background: keeping in view the havoc situation of dengue fever in pakistan, the current study was designed to demon­strate the genetic variations, gene flow and rate of migration from lahore and faisalabad. methods: the larvae were collected from both natural and artificial breeding places from each collection site. the adult mosquitoes were collected by means of sweep net and battery-operated...

background: genetic variation influences susceptibility/resistance to tuberculosis. cxcl10 is involved in t-cell migration and stimulation of natural killer cells in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. objectives: we aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphisms in promoter of the cxcl10 gene in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) and healthy controls, to clarify whether polymorphisms...

objective(s):to culture thein vitro mouse embryonic stem cells (mescs) and to direct their  differentiation to germ-line cells; in present study we used a vector backbone containing the fusion construct stra8-egfp to select differentiated es cells that entered meiosis.  retinoic acid was used to differentiate embryonic stem cells to germ cells. materials and methods: a fragment of stra8 gene pr...

Case presentation: 1: A boy with developmental delay and congenital macrocephaly, evolving dysphagia airway hypotonia. Complete exome sequencing was performed detection of pathogenic variant in the PTEN gene (c.737C>T). 2: Premature boy, delayed development departure, macrocephaly ephelides foreskin. He developed nodular hyperplasia ileum painful amplification syndrome pharmacoresistant pain. S...

results using these two sets, we identified h1069q mutation in four patients, c.2335t > g mutation in three, c.3061-1g > a splice site mutation in five, c.3305t > c mutation in one, and c.3809a > g mutation in two patients. conclusions the multiplex arms assay used in this study can be an efficient, reliable, and cost effective method as a primary screen for patients with wilson disease. patien...

background: hla-g gene contains 15 alleles including a null allele, hla-g*0105n. previous studies have shown that hla-g*0105n does not encode the complete hla-g1 or hla-g5 isoforms but encodes a functional hla-g protein with the ability to in-hibit nk cell cytolysis. thus, although the biological functions of hla-g1 and hla-g5 proteins are abrogated, other isoforms such as hla-g2 can replace th...

Background: Gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammalians. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is responsible for the conversion of L-glutamate to GABA. The human brain has two isoforms of this enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67 that differ in molecular weight, amino acid sequence, antigenicity, cellular location ...