Dry areas near the sea can obtain fresh water through solar distillation of saline sea water resources. However, these solar distillation sites produce wastewater as a result of desalination of sea water with high salt concentration. Waste must be disposed of with the least effect on the receiving environment (sea, in most cases). Initial dilution and its characteristics play important roles in...

Recent studies have shown that sea kraits (Laticauda spp.)--amphibious sea snakes--dehydrate without a source of fresh water, drink only fresh water or very dilute brackish water, and have a spatial distribution of abundance that correlates with freshwater sites in Taiwan. The spatial distribution correlates with sites where there is a source of fresh water in addition to local precipitation. H...

The ability of some fishes to live in both sea water and fresh water has attracted a great deal of interest. Many euryhaline fishes are difficult to rear in laboratory conditions ; some do not survive in completely fresh water, and migratory fishes are often euryhaline for only limited periods during their life-history. Species of the genus Tilapia have none of these disadvantages; they are eas...

Figure 1. Typical sewage treatment works schematic flow diagram in Hong Kong Hong Kong has the geographical advantage of being situated on the coast and therefore it is possible to use dual water supply systems (fresh + sea water systems in two separate distribution networks) for potable and non-potable uses. From the sea water supply system, about three quarters of the population in Hong Kong ...

Benecke1) was the first to report the isolation of Bacillus chitinovorus, a bacillus which decomposes chitin, from the sea water of Kiel Bay in 1905. Later, the bacillus was collected and studied mainly in Germany and in the United States, taking as sources various materials such as sea mud, sea water, fresh lake water, soil, compost, crustacea etc. However, the study of this bacillus has never...

In order to make any sea level dive table usable during high altitude diving, a new conversion factor is created. We introduce the standardized equivalent sea depth (SESD), which allows conversion of the actual lake diving depth (ALDD) to an equivalent sea dive depth. SESD is defined as the sea depth in meters or feet for a standardized sea dive, equivalent to a mountain lake dive at any altitu...

Reproduction of external fertilizing vertebrates is typically constrained to either fresh or salt water, not both. For all studied amphibians and fishes, this constraint includes immotile sperm that are activated after ejaculation only by the specific chemistry of the fertilizing medium in which the species evolved (fresh, brackish, or salt water). No amphibians can reproduce in the sea. Althou...