Water activities (potentials) in plant materials were measured over the range from free water to oven dryness with a Spanner thermocouple psychrometer. In a two-step procedure, water was first condensed on the thermocouple junction for several minutes. The sample was then inserted under the wet thermocouple and the maximum psychrometric cooling was measured in about 10 seconds. Calibration was ...

In China, with the rapid urbanization and industrialization, and highly accelerated economic development have resulted in degradation of water resource. The water quality deterioration usual result from eutrophication in most cases, so how to dispose this type pollution water higher efficiently is an urgent task. Hower, different with traditional technology, constructed wetlands are effective t...

background: this study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in qom city during the summer of 2012. methods: this was a cross-sectional study. the studied scopes consisted of groundwater (60 wells), reservoirs (10 tanks), and water distribution network (33 points). one sample was taken from each source monthly. stat...

Holding up the phreatic surface near by the plant root zone to effective use of water and provide themoisture on the root zone is a usual method, which uses for several decades by researchers. In thisstudy, we investigate the possibility of controlled drainage method in dry and half-dryzone (i.e., theclimate of the center and south of the Khuzestan state) on thecane plant. The results showedtha...

INTRODUCTION Recent legislation requires schools to provide free drinking water in food service areas (FSAs). Our objective was to describe access to water at baseline and student water intake in school FSAs and to examine barriers to and strategies for implementation of drinking water requirements. METHODS We randomly sampled 24 California Bay Area public schools. We interviewed 1 administra...

The kidney and its response to the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are the principal protective mechanisms necessary to maintain a normal plasma tonicity (osmolality). Hence, determination of the response of the ADH-renal axis to an abnormal plasma tonicity is an important step to understanding water homeostasis. Determination of free water clearance is the most direct clinical method to measure the...

PURPOSE To analyze free and total water in human normal and cataractous lenses. METHODS Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine total water, and differential scanning calorimetry was used for free water. RESULTS In normal human lenses, the total water content of the nucleus remained unchanged with age, but the state of the water altered. The ratio of free to bound water increased s...