In past several decades, extensive research has been performed regarding the possibilities of using renewable resources for the production of chemicals and fuels instead of fossil resources, which will eventually become rare and therefore expensive. Increasing the use of materials based on renewable resources for packaging and other applications not only holds significant advantages in economic...

The increasing demand for energy, limited resources of fossil fuel, as well as pollution of the environment and changes in the global climate have raised more interest about the renewable resources. The use of renewable resources has become a very important partof European Union policy. The aim of the paper was to analyse reed resources in Latvia, its dynamics, volume and quality to produce cle...

Divergence dating studies, which combine temporal data from the fossil record with branch length data from molecular phylogenetic trees, represent a rapidly expanding approach to understanding the history of life. National Evolutionary Synthesis Center hosted the first Fossil Calibrations Working Group (3-6 March, 2011, Durham, NC, USA), bringing together palaeontologists, molecular evolutionis...

Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on fossil resources. Both direct energy use for crop management and indirect energy use for fertilizers, pesticides and machinery production have contributed to the major increases in food production seen since the 1960s. However, the relationship between energy inputs and yields is not linear. Low-energy inputs can lead to lower yields and perversely to ...

Petroleum is a major raw material for the production of fuels, chemicals and materials used in our daily lives. The continuous growth in the consumption of these products requires the increased exploitation of fossil resources. In turn, this exploitation has led to environmental and economic issues linked to climate change, resource depletion and political instabilities due to the unequal distr...

The material needs from our society are reaching the crisis point, as the demand for resources will soon exceed the capacity of the present fossil resource based infrastructure [1]. Currently, fossil-based energy resources, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are responsible for about three quarters of the primary energy consumption in our world. While decreasing crude-oil reserves, enhan...

Industries are one of the main sources of pollution in the world. Besides, the levels of energy resources consumption including water, electricity, and fossil fuel are very different among industries. On the other hand, Iranian government pays a large amount of energy subsidy to manufacturing units. Because of it, the government wants to know which of manufacturing industries are efficient, pro...

Abstract Previous research has identified that climate change mitigation policies could increase demand for resources perceived as critical, because these are used in many renewable energy technologies. This study assesses how reducing the extraction and use of fossil fuels affect supply (i) elements jointly produced with (ii) a host is currently mainly fuel chains. Several critical which poten...

Limited resources of fossil energies and climate change have encouraged countries to use renewable energies like wind energy. Although Iran has enormous natural resources of fossil fuels, environmental considerations and the depletion of these resources in the future have increased interest in renewable energies. In this paper, the magnitude and power of wind in Hormozgan province, southern Ira...