Chk1 protein kinase maintains replication fork stability in metazoan cells in response to DNA damage and DNA replication inhibitors. Here, we have employed DNA fiber labeling to quantify, for the first time, the extent to which Chk1 maintains global replication fork rates during normal vertebrate S phase. We report that replication fork rates in Chk1(-/-) chicken DT40 cells are on average half ...

Utilizing multiple computers to complete a task in parallel offers many benefits over serial execution, however the programmatic interface to distributed computation is nontrivial at best. This paper introduces and examines the concept of a Remote Fork. Remote Fork systems allow a programmer to use a familiar parallel programming model, that of Fork, to easily harness the power of multiple mach...

RecG and RuvAB are proposed to act at stalled DNA replication forks to facilitate replication restart. To clarify the roles of these proteins in fork regression, we used a coupled spectrophotometric ATPase assay to determine how these helicases act on two groups of model fork substrates: the first group mimics nascent stalled forks while the second mimics regressed fork structures. The results ...

Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage within the S phase by activating an intra-S checkpoint: a response that includes reducing the rate of DNA synthesis. In yeast cells this can occur via checkpoint-dependent inhibition of origin firing and stabilization of ongoing forks, together with a checkpoint-independent slowing of fork movement. In higher eukaryotes, however, the mechanism by which DNA...

Duplication of bacterial chromosomes is initiated via the assembly of two replication forks at a single defined origin. Forks proceed bi-directionally until they fuse in a specialised termination area opposite the origin. This area is flanked by polar replication fork pause sites that allow forks to enter but not to leave. The precise function of this replication fork trap has remained enigmati...

We previously used changes in the near-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of DNA base analogue probes placed site specifically to show that the first three base pairs at the fork junction in model replication fork constructs are significantly opened by "breathing" fluctuations under physiological conditions. Here, we use these probes to provide mechanistic snapshots of the initial i...

This article reviews the history of tuning fork tests, its current status as a clinical examination tool. All the commonly performed tuning fork tests are discussed in detail. The three commonly performed tuning fork tests include: Rinne test, weber test and Absolute bone conduction test.

In queuing models of kanban systems, fork/join stations are used to model the synchronization constraints between parts and kanbans. Efficient analysis of these fork/join stations is quite crucial to analytical performance evaluation of kanban systems. Exact analysis of the fork/join station can be difficult especially if the input processes have general characteristics. We propose a new method...