generalized interactions flexible acquaintances/interactions reactive capabilities pro-active capabilities

C R E I G H T O N M . L I T T O N *, J A M E S W. R A I C H w and M I C H A E L G . R YA N z§ *Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, wDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA, zUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research...

The precise and accurate quantitative evaluation of the temporal and spatial pattern of carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems is critical for understanding the role of forests in the global terrestrial C cycle and is essential for formulating forest management policies to combat climate change. In this study, we examined the C dynamics of forest ecosystems in Shaanxi, northwest China, based o...

Coverage rate, a critical variable for gridded forest area, has been neglected by previous studies in estimating the annual gross primary production (GPP) of global forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated to what extent the coverage rate could impact forest GPP estimates from 1982 to 2011. Here we show that the traditional calculation without considering the coverage rate globally ove...

Over the past 20 years, the focus of forest science on air pollution has moved from forest decline to a holistic framework of forest health, and from the effects on forest production to the ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Hence, future research should focus on the interacting factorial impacts and resulting antagonistic and synergistic responses of forest trees and ecosystems....

T HRoumouT THE USA, riverine systems represent the largest facet of forested wetlands. It is estimated that these forests cover between 6 to 13 million hectares in the U.S. Southeast (Sharitz and Mitsch, 1993). Because of their position at the land-water interface, these ecosystems are active biogeochemically since they buffer impacts from upland areas while also interacting with the floodwater...

The valuation methods described in this chapter are based on the idea that forest ecosystems produce a wide variety of goods and services that are valued by people. Rather than focusing attention on the holistic value of forest ecosystems as is done in contingent valuation studies, attribute-based valuation methods (ABMs) focus attention on a set of attributes that have management or policy rel...

In this paper, we discuss some key aspects for the maintenance of biological diversity in grassland–forest mosaics in southern Brazil (Campos Sulinos) not explored yet. Campos Sulinos are grasslands distributed throughout the Pampa and the Atlantic Forest biomes. Since these grasslands remain from past dryer and colder climatic conditions, they are acknowledged as native rather than anthropogen...

K. F. Gimbel, K. Felsmann, M. Baudis, H. Puhlmann, A. Gessler, H. Bruelheide, Z. Kayler, R. H. Ellerbrock, A. Ulrich, E. Welk, and M. Weiler Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Center for Agricultural Landscape Research e.V. (ZALF), Leipniz, Germany Institute of Biology, Geob...