Rat proximal convoluted tubules were perfused in vivo to examine the active and passive components of chloride absorption. Chloride flux was a linear function of the transepithelial electrochemical driving force, yielding a permeability coefficient of 20.6 X 10(-5) cm/s. In the absence of an electrochemical driving force, chloride absorption persisted at the rate of 131 peq/mm X min, thus demon...

General energy approaches have been applied to study the single-domain polarization reversal induced by the voltage-modulated Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in ferroelectric single crystals and thin films. Topographic analysis of energy surfaces in the subspace of domain dimensions is performed, and energy evolutions under an external bias are elucidated. This has let to successfully describe al...

We report a simple technique that allows obtaining mid-infrared absorption spectra with nanoscale spatial resolution under low-power illumination from tunable quantum cascade lasers. Light absorption is detected by measuring associated sample thermal expansion with an atomic force microscope. To detect minute thermal expansion we tune the repetition frequency of laser pulses in resonance with t...

The use of wrist guards has limited efficacy in preventing wrist injuries during falling in many sports activities. The objectives of this study were to measure the ground reaction force of the hand under simulated impact of the forearm and hand complex with different padding conditions of wrist guards and to analyze their impact force attenuation and maximum energy absorption for improved func...

The aims of the present study were to investigate the shock absorption capability and force dispersion effect of mouthguard (MG) materials using load cell and film sensors. Two kinds of MG materials, ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin, were chosen for this study. When impact forces of approximately 5,000 N were applied on the MG materials using a round flat-nosed rod and a bluntly pointed ro...

We study electromagnetic forces and torques on a discrete spherical invisibility cloak under time-harmonic illumination. We consider the influence of material absorption and losses, and we show that while the impact of absorption on the optical force remains confined to frequencies near the absorption peak, its impact on the electromagnetic torque experienced by the cloak is spectrally broader ...

Human telomeres consist of thousands of base pairs of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats, organized by histone proteins into tightly spaced nucleosomes. The double-stranded telomeric repeats are also specifically bound by the telomeric proteins hTRF1 and hTRF2, which are essential for telomere length maintenance and for chromosome protection. An unresolved question is what role nucleosomes play in ...

BACKGROUND Accurate mechanical characterization by the atomic force microscope at the highest spatial resolution requires that topography is deconvoluted from indentation. The measured height of nanoscale features in the atomic force microscope (AFM) is almost always smaller than the true value, which is often explained away as sample deformation, the formation of salt deposits and/or dehydrati...

The Journal of Physical Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Article Measurement of Double-Layer Forces at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Using the Atomic Force Microscope: Potential and Anion Dependent Interactions Andrew C. Hillier, Sunghyun Kim, and Allen J. Bard J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100 (48), 18808-18817 • DOI: 10.10...