We use data on all the new restaurants opened in Texas between 1980 and 1995 by seven of the largest nationally franchised fast-food chains to examine empirically the extent of multi-unit ownership in franchised chains and the way in which franchisors allocate the ownership of units among franchisees. We find that individual franchisees are much more likely to be assigned the ownership of a par...

M~crobial processes are now perceived to be an important component of the marlne food chaln Mathematical models present a quantltatlve means of analys~ng lnterspecles lnteract~ons within food webs Although detalled models of i n d ~ v ~ d u a l components of the m~crobial food web (bacteria, phytoplankton, protozoan predators) have been denved, t hen incorporation into large-scale food web mode...

With the help of coincidence degree theory, sufficient conditions for existence of periodic solutions for a food chain model with functional responses on time scales are established. Keywords—time scales, food chain model, coincidence degree, periodic solutions.

Food losses refer to edible food mass decrease throughout the human food chain. Food losses occurring at consumption stage are called food waste. Food Losses and Waste (FLW) represent one of the most critical social, economic and ecological challenges facing humanity, besides being also an ethical issue. FAO data show that roughly one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wast...

Consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for a significant fraction of food waste which, for a large part, could be avoided if they were willing to accept food that is suboptimal, i.e., food that deviates in sensory characteristics (odd shape, discoloration), or that has a best-before date which is approaching or has passed, but that is still perfectly fine to eat. The choice to accept...

Background: Solving the problem of food and nutrition security requires the integration of various sectors of the society. Determining the role of each sector in promoting people’s health has presented intersectoral collaboration and transformed the theory of social health determinant approach into action. In this study, with a new approach, and in regards, the national organizations resp...

The type of industry we want to analyze in this paper is comprised of multiple manufacturers, each selling differentiated products through multiple exclusive retailers. The retailers are faced with fixed market prices but uncertain demands. Industries falling in this category include telecommunication industry, fast food chains, gasoline, etc. The manufacturers competition, the retailers compet...