Protein domains are compact evolutionary units of structure and function that usually combine in proteins to produce complex domain arrangements. In order to study their evolution, we reconstructed genome-based phylogenetic trees of architectures from a census of domain structure and organization conducted at protein fold and fold-superfamily levels in hundreds of fully sequenced genomes. These...

INTRODUCTION Mixed-species biofilms are involved in a wide variety of infections. We studied the synergistic interactions during dual-species biofilm formation among isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. METHODS Isolates were cultured as single-species and all possible combinations of dual-species biofilms. RESULTS The 61 A. baumannii...

Sixty-two antimicrobial agents, including several combinations, were examined for stability at 56 degrees C for 30 min and 121 degrees C for 15 min, respectively. A microtiter broth dilution MIC test and an agar disk diffusion test served to test each chemo-agent for residual antimicrobial activity. Eleven drugs were partially heat-labile (MICs raised four- to eight-fold after autoclaving) and ...

A family of genes has been identified that encodes subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and is expressed in the nervous system. Functional neuronal nAChRs can be expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA encoding 1 of 2 different &subunits (/32,84) in pairwise combination with RNA encoding 1 of 3 different a-subunits (a2, (~3, a4). We examined the sensitivity of these 6...

Comparative studies were carried out using various antimetabolites in order to determine whether the synergistic cellkilling effect on L1210 murine leukemia cells induced by a treatment combining 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and 3-[(4-amino2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) resulted from "complementary inhibi tion." The combinations of ACNU plus 5-fluoro...

Comparative studies were carried out using various antimetabolites in order to determine whether the synergistic cellkilling effect on L1210 murine leukemia cells induced by a treatment combining 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and 3-[(4-amino2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) resulted from "complementary inhibi tion." The combinations of ACNU plus 5-fluoro...

The susceptibilities of 12 strains of enterococci and 10 stains of Listeria monocytogenes to N-formimidoyl thienamycin were determined by a standard broth dilution method. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for L. monocytogenes strains were less than 0.25 micrograms/ml. As a group, strains of Streptococcus faecium were less susceptible than Streptococcus faecalis strains, but even for the latter...

The progress in HCV therapy in the last three years is similar to the progress that took HIV therapy ∼14 years. We are at the brink of approval for an all-oral drug combination that is dosed once daily as a single pill, has >95% efficacy, and is well tolerated. This article summarizes the path to this success and the challenges still ahead.

The author discusses three multiple testing procedures for identifying the minimum efficacious doses in a balanced factorial combination drug trial. All of these procedures utilize the closed testing principle, and hence strongly control the overall error rate and satisfy the coherence property, that is, if a hypothesis is retained then any hypothesis implied by it is also retained. While coher...