Hyperthennal-neutral beams have been proposed as a charge-free alternative to plasmas in select processing steps. Existing prototype sources include three generic types: gas-dynamic, ion-neutral-charge-exchange and ion-surfaceneutralization beam sources. We find that in surface-neutralization type sources, which have the highest flw residual current can still flow to the substrate. However, thi...

BACKGROUND Program effectiveness is influenced by the degree and quality of implementation, thus requiring careful examination of delivery processes and how the program is or is not being implemented as intended. Implementation fidelity is defined by adherence to intervention design, exposure or dose, quality of delivery, and participant responsiveness. As part of the process evaluation (PE) of...

The issues of food loss and waste (FLW) in the global supply chains have recently gained attention. However, causes for FLW their mitigation strategies curbing at different stages remains under researched. Our research aims to address these gaps a three-fold way: i), we identified key (through root-cause analysis) chain developed less countries; ii), systematically classified measures policies,...

Food security has raised crisis alarms all over the world. Especially nowadays, conventional agriculture is threatened by climate change and extreme weather, agri-food system loading increasing population burden. loss waste (FLW) have gotten more attention. Still, main research focus on a narrowed specific stage of food value chain types in particular area, which lacks an overall comprehensive ...

Over 10% of the world’s population is undernourished, yet 1/3 all food produced each year lost or wasted. Such a level inefficiency in global system has significant economic, social, and environmental impact which elicited calls for urgent action. This paper responds to this call by developing an interdisciplinary framework focusing on legal, regulatory, accounting, reporting frameworks improve...

Using the FAO model calculations proposed by Gustavsson et al. (2013) and (2014), food loss waste (FLW) is measured in Saudi Arabia with a special focus on wheat, rice, dates, poultry, vegetables, fruits, fish, meat. Results show that overall FLW rate 33.1%, where 14.2%, 18.9%. Acceding to disaggregated results, we find rates are distributed as follows: 29.7% for 33.6% 21.4%, dates 29.1% 39.5% ...

In 2015, all 193 UN member countries agreed to halve global food loss and waste by the year 2030. At national level, first step is usually measure extent of problem set targets. Countries that initiate inventory their (FLW), frequently find out first, amount FLW bigger than was initially anticipated, second, there are massive data gaps, including quality, granularity, representativeness, collab...

Based on fundamental electrode theory, an analytical transfer function to simulate the frequency impedance spectrum of finite-length Warburg (FLW) and dynamic potential response FLW in time-domain has been developed this study. Parameters reported literature estimated from experimental measurements carried out polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have considered validate new function. The rep...

The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 triggered disruption in almost all areas the Food Supply Chain (FSC). During this year many confounding factors contributed to normal FSC and impacted system adversely. This includes agricultural food production system, first phase FSC, final delivery consumers. was lost or wasted as farmers were unable transfer distribute retailers. shortages became problem...