Plants are a valuable source of pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, agrochemicals, insecticides, flavors and pigments. These compounds are called secondary metabolites. These are compounds with a restricted occurrence in taxonomic groups that are not essential for an organism to live but play a role in the interaction of the organism with its environment, ensuring the survival of the organism in...

The effect of new synthetic pyrazinecarboxamide derivatives as potential elicitors of flavonolignan and flavonoid production in Silybum marianum and Ononis arvensis cultures in vitro was investigated. Both tested elicitors increased the production of flavonolignans in S. marianum callus and suspension cultures and flavonoids in O. arvensis callus and suspension cultures. Compound I, 5-(2-hydrox...

This study demonstrates how regio- and diastereo-isomers with near-identical NMR spectra can be distinguished and unambiguously assigned using quantum mechanical driven (1)H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA). The method is illustrated with four natural products, the flavonolignans silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, which exhibit extremely similar coupling patterns and chem...

Silymarin, also known as milk thistle extract, inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and also displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory actions that contribute to its hepatoprotective effects. In the current study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective actions of the seven major flavonolignans and one flavonoid that comprise silymarin. Activities tested included inhibition ...

Six flavonoids including two new flavones, luteolin 7-O-(4''-O-(E)-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranoside), chrysoeriol-7-O-(4''-O-(E)-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranoside) and a mixture of two pairs of diastereoisomeric flavonolignans, (+/-)-hydnocarpin 7-O-(4''-O-(E)-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranoside)/(+/-)-hydnocarpin-D 7-O-(4''-O-(E)-coumaroyl)-beta-glucopyranoside) with a 2:1 ratio were isolated from th...

silymarin production by hairy root culture of milk thistle (silybum marianum l. gaertn) was investigated using agrobacterium rhizogenes ar15834. hairy roots were induced by injection or inoculation of explants with a. rhizogenes. one month old hairy roots were dissected from the explants and grown in murashing and skoog (ms) liquid medium. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the b gene and th...

Shikimic acid and its role in the formation of aromatic amino acids, benzoic acids, and cinnamic acids is described, along with further modifications leading to lignans and lignin, phenylpropenes, and coumarins. Combinations of the shikimate pathway and the acetate pathway are responsible for the biosynthesis of styrylpyrones, flavonoids and stilbenes, flavonolignans, and isoflavonoids. Terpeno...