The four processes involved in the flammability of materials are described and related to the various flame retardance mechanisms that may operate. Following this the four practical approaches used in improving flame retardance of materials are described. Each approach is illustrated with a number of typical examples of flame retardants or synthetic procedures used. This overview of flammabilit...

Extinction limits and flame bifurcation of lean premixed dimethyl ether-air flames are investigated numerically using the counterflow flame with a reduced chemistry. Emphasis is paid to the combined effect of radiation and flame stretch on the extinction and flammability limits. A method based on the reaction front is presented to predict the Markstein length. The predicted positive Markstein l...

Effective from July 1, 2007 it is mandatory that all mattress sets meet the federal flammability standard CFR 1633. It is necessary to impart flame resistance that would provide at least 30min for occupants to escape fire. Changes in the flammability laws are expected on other soft furnishings of sleep products like comforters and pillows. Generally these products are often the first to be engu...

A method of video flame detection based on multi-feature fusion is presented in this paper. Physical characteristics of flame, including color clues, flame movement and flame flicker are incorporated into the scheme to detect fires in color video frames. Firstly, mean filtering was used to smooth the video frames and a flame color filtering algorithm was adopted to extract flame candidate regio...

Low thermal conductivity and high thermal stability are desirable for the materials due to their characteristic roles in ablation resistance applications (e.g., reentry parts and renewable rocket nozzles) [1]. Ablation is defined as an erosive phenomenon with a removal of material by a combination of thermomechanical, thermochemical and thermophysical factors due to the high temperature, pressu...

There are more than half million tons of serpentine waste produced per year during mining operation in Taiwan. This study is to develop a process to manufacture fire-resistant geopolymer based on serpentine waste. The experiment results show that the waste serpentine-based geopolymer have very good physical/mechanical characteristics. For fire resistance tests, a 10 mm thick geopolymer panel wa...

This paper compares the values of the thermal and fire resistance properties of composites made using the hand layup technique. E-Glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites was fabricated by filling varying concentration of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium hydroxide(Mg(OH)2), silicon carbide (SiC), and hematite powder. The main aim of this work was to determine the thermal conductivity, thermal e...

We present a study of the flame-embedding concept, introduced in [1] as an efficient approach for large-eddy simulation of turbulent combustion at high Reynolds and Damköhler numbers. In flame embedding, the combustion zone is modeled as an unsteady flame modified by the local tangential strain rate, with the latter extracted every time step from the flow field simulations. The flame structure ...

The high flammability of plastics, polymer composites, textiles, and foams represents a severe stringent issue that significantly limits their use in all those sectors, where resistance to flame or an irradiative heat flux is mandatory [...]

Using zinc naphthenate dissolved in xylene as a precursor undoped ZnO nanopowders were synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis technique. The average diameter and length of ZnO spherical and hexagonal particles were in the range of 5 to 20 nm, while ZnO nanorods were found to be 5-20 nm wide and 20-40 nm long, under 5/5 (precursor/oxygen) flame conditions. The gas sensitivity of the undoped Zn...