This work characterizes levels of eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the breathing air zone of firefighters during their regular work shift at eight Portuguese fire stations, and the firefighters' total internal dose by six urinary monohydroxyl metabolites (OH-PAHs). Total PAHs (ΣPAHs) concentrations varied widely (46.4-428ng/m3), mainly due to site specificity (urban/rural) an...

This paper presents a stochastic model for emergency evacuation simulation such as for a subway station. The model, MCEVAC was developed using Monte Carlo and a macro-simulation technique; the model includes a number of random variables, such as occupant load, initial occupant load, and pre-evacuation time. A random event of a train fire including fire location, fire growth rate, and the effect...

In order to explore the law of smoke spread in fire environment an island-style subway station, this article takes as research object. Based on dynamics, pyrosim is used establish a model observe concentration and temperature changes under different locations. The study found that when source at end platform layer, flue gas farthest evacuation channel safety exit reaches 80% 85s 130s, respectiv...

Facility location problem involves locating a facility to optimize some performance measures. Location of a public facility to serve the community, such as a fire station, significantly affects its service quality. Main objective in locating a fire station is to minimize the response time, which is the time duration between receiving a call and reaching the place of incident. In metropolitan ar...

1 . Our investigations might be suggested by a sort of optimalization problem which could be described vividly in practical terms as follows : suppose we are given a network of routes on which there are critical points endangered by fire. We want to place fire stations at an appropriate number of points from which any endangered point can be reached within a given time interval in case of emerg...

This paper describes the development of a novel, risk based method to locate high performance solutions for the deployment of Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) resources, such as fire stations and appliances, using evolutionary algorithms in conjunction with Fire Service Cover Models. Such algorithms allow the relatively rapid identification of areas of good potential solutions by sampling only a s...

After the establishment of the first quarantine station in the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) in 1377, the states and principalities of Italy developed a sophisticated system of defensive quarantine in an attempt to protect themselves from the ravages of plague. Using largely unknown and unseen historical maps, this paper reconstructs the extent and operation of the system used. It i...

Even though fewer people die as a result of fire than other natural disasters, such as earthquake, flood, landslide, etc., the average loss of property due to fire is high. Kathmandu Metropolitan City is becoming more vulnerable to fire due to haphazard urbanization and increase in population. To control problems due to fire, systematic studies are necessary, including fire potential mapping an...