In this paper, by using of Frobenius theorem a relation between Lie subalgebras of the Lie algebra of a top space T and Lie subgroups of T(as a Lie group) is determined. As a result we can consider these spaces by their Lie algebras. We show that a top space with the finite number of identity elements is a C^{∞} principal fiber bundle, by this method we can characterize top spaces.

2.1 Fiber Endface Conditions Required for PC Connection Figure 1 shows the structure of an 8-fiber MPO connector. To decrease reflection, fiber endfaces in this kind of connector are polished at a gradient of 8° to the fiber cross section. The connector endfaces are held together by the engagement of the guide pins in guide-pin holes. To achieve PC connection in such a connector, it is necessar...

In this paper, mechanical buckling analysis of composite annular sector plates with bean shape cut out is studied. Composite material sector plate made of Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-Epoxy with eight layers with same thickness but different fiber angles for each layer. Mechanical loading to form of uniform pressure loading in radial, environmental and biaxial directions is assumed. The method used...

A method for automated generation of finite element meshes for unidirectional composites with waviness defects is proposed. Images used as input for mesh generation are recorded with X-ray computed micro-tomography. Quality and contrast of the scanned images is such that fiber directions cannot be detected everywhere. To generate finite elements mesh that follow fiber directions it is suggested...

The design and fabrication procedures for implementing a high-density (16-microm center spacing) single-mode fiber (SMF) array are described. The specific application for this array is a parallel optical coherence tomography system for endoscopic imaging. We obtained fiber elements by etching standard single-mode SMF-28 fibers to a diameter of 14-15 microm. We equalized 1-m lengths of fiber to ...

We report recent progress made in a complete fiber-optic, high-precision, long-term stable timing distribution system for synchronization of next generation X-ray free-electron lasers. Timing jitter characterization of the master laser shows less than 170-as RMS integrated jitter for frequencies above 10 kHz, limited by the detection noise floor. Timing stabilization of a 3.5-km polarization-ma...

A theoretical study of active mode-locking fiber loop laser using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) was presented in this paper. The effects of linewidth broadening factor of SOA on active mode-locking were investigated originally. The relations between parameters of output pulse series and the critical parameters of SOA and other elements in fiber loop were obtained. 2002 Elsevier Science ...

A wavelength-swept thulium-doped fiber laser system employing two parallel cavities with two different fiber gain stages is reported. The fiber gain stages were tailored to provide emission in complementary bands with external wavelength-dependent feedback cavities sharing a common rotating polygon mirror for wavelength scanning. The wavelength-swept laser outputs from the fiber gain elements w...