An evolving challenge for obstetrician is to better define normal and abnormal fetal neurological function in utero, in order to better predict antenatally which fetuses are at risk for adverse neurological outcome. Especially the diagnosis of cerebral palsy remains one of the most difficult and challenging clinical situations in obstetrics. The fact that a large number of cerebral damage occur...

extract when a woman undergoes genetic testing of her fetus, the physiologic and emotional demands are great. careful nursing assessment and support are vital. the main benefit of prenatal genetic diagnosis is that women be given the opportunity to coping with your pregnancy where fetal abnormalities has been diagnosed or achieve  to a complete relaxation with  the positive results obtained . e...

Background: Current prenatal diagnosis requires invasive testing which carries a 1-4% procedure-related-risk of miscarriage; hence, non-invasive techniques are desired. The recent demonstration of cell-free-fetal-DNA enriched from maternal plasma has opened new possibilities for non-invasive-prenatal-diagnosis of not only genetic-disorders such as β-thalassaemia and haemophilia but also chromos...

The assessment of fetal growth represents a fundamental step towards the identification of the true growth restricted fetus that is associated to important perinatal morbidity and mortality. The possible ways of detecting abnormal fetal growth are taken into consideration in this review and their strong and weak points are discussed. An important debate still remains about how to discriminate b...

In modern obstetrics the cardiotocography is a routine method of fetal condition assessment based mainly on analysis of the fetal heart rate signals. The correct interpretation of recorded traces from a bedside monitor is very difficult even for experienced clinicians. Therefore, computerized fetal monitoring systems are used to yield the quantitative description of the signal. However, the eff...

UNLABELLED Fetal behavior is defined as any fetal action seen by the mother or fetus diagnosed by objective methods such as cardiotocography (CTG) or ultrasound. Analysis of the dynamics of the fetal behavior with morphological studies has lead to the conclusion that fetal behavior patterns are directly reflecting development and maturation of the central nervous system. The assessment of fetal...

Fetal cardiac MRI is a rapidly evolving form of diagnostic testing with utility as complementary imaging modality for the diagnosis congenital heart disease and assessment fetal cardiovascular system. Previous technical limitations without gating rate has been overcome recent technology. There potential electrocardiography direct gating. In addition to anatomic assessment, innovative technology...

OBJECTIVES Z-scores for cardiac dimensions are well established in postnatal life, but have yet to be developed for fetal cardiac dimensions. These would be of real advantage to the clinician in accurately quantifying size and growth of cardiac dimensions and to the researcher by allowing mathematical comparison of growth in differing subgroups of a disease. The purpose of this observational st...