The most remarkable outcome of a gene duplication event is the evolution of a novel function. Little information exists on how the rise of a novel function affects the evolution of its paralogous sister gene copy, however. We studied the evolution of the feminizer (fem) gene from which the gene complementary sex determiner (csd) recently derived by tandem duplication within the honey bee (Apis)...

In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) is developed o combine the advantages of finite element method (FEM) and meshless method to analyze two-dimensional elastic problems. By the CA, a two-dimensional domain is discretized into a grid of nodes which are distributed randomly in the domain. For convenience, the nodes are classified into the FEM group and the meshless group. In the FEM zone tha...

This paper compares the hybrid FEM-BEM and FEM-DBCI methods for the solution of openboundary electrostatic field problems. Both methods couple a differential equation for the interior problem with an integral equation for the exterior one. The comparison shows that FEM-BEM is more accurate than FEM-DBCI but requires more computing time. PACS. 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equatio...

The fem-3 gene is required for specification of the male fate in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: XO males need fem-3 for male differentiation in both soma and germ line; XX hermaphrodites need it for the production of sperm. We have cloned fem-3 by transposon tagging. Among eight spontaneous fem-3 mutations generated in a strain in which the transposable element Tc1 is mobile, six contain ...

Hybrid FEM/MoM methods combine the finite element method (FEM) and the method of moments (MoM) to model inhomogeneous unbounded problems. These two methods are coupled by enforcing field continuity on the boundary that separates the FEM and MoM regions. Hierarchical higher-order tangential vector finite elements (TVFE’s) are of practical interest because they can be easily combined with low-ord...

A novel three-dimensional hybrid Finite Element Method (FEM) and Physical Optics (PO) technique for the efficient analysis of scattering problems is presented. It makes use of FEM for the regions with small and complex features and PO for the analysis of the electrically large objects of the structure taking into account mutual interactions between the FEM domains and the objects analyzed with ...

CEMTool is a command style design and analyzing package for scientific and technological algorithm and a matrix based computation language. In this paper, we present new 2D & 3D finite element method (FEM) packages for CEMTool. We discuss the detailed structures and the important features of pre-processor, solver, and post-processor of CEMTool 2D & 3D FEM packages. In contrast to the existing M...

the available methods for predicting mechanical characteristics of pavement layers are categorized into two general groups, destructive and non-destructive. in destructive method, using coring and pavement subgrade and performing necessary experiments on them, the quantities of layers properties will be identified. in non-destructive method, the attained deflection is measured by applying the l...

The numerical solution of Helmholtz’ equation at large wavenumber is very expensive if attempted by ”traditional” discretisation methods (FDM, standard Galerkin FEM). For reliable results, the mesh has to be very fine. The bad performance of the traditional FEM for Helmholtz problems can be related to the deterioration of stability of the Helmholtz differential operator at high wavenumber. As a...

BACKGROUND The finite element method (FEM) has been used to simulate cardiac and hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation. The FEM allows modeling of complex geometries that cannot be solved by analytical methods or finite difference models. In both hepatic and cardiac RF ablation a common control mode is temperature-controlled mode. Commercial FEM packages don't support automating temperature cont...