In a remarkable series of experiments, the late Gordon Moe and his colleagues1 hypothesized the existence of dual atrioventricular nodal pathways to explain atrioventricular nodal echo complexes elicited in a rabbit model. They postulated existence of an antegrade slow conducting pathway with a shorter refractory period compared with a fast conducting pathway. Thus, premature impulses that bloc...

Electrophysiological effects of 750 mg i.v. procainamide were studied in 14 patients with dual pathway atrioventricular (A-V) nodal re-entrant paroxysmal tachycardia (PSVT). All patients utilized an A-V nodal slow pathway for antegrade and an A-V nodal fast pathway for retrograde conduction during PSVT. In all 14 patients, procainamide depressed retrograde fast pathway conduction, manifest by i...

Three patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) had discontinuous ventriculo-artrial conduction curves (V1-V2, A1-A2), suggesting dual A-V nodal pathways. Ventricular echoes occurred simultaneously with sudden increase of V-A interval. These echoes were characterized by retrograde P waves occurring in front of QRS, suggesting utilization of a slow pathway for retrograde condu...

Electrophysiological effects of 2 to 2.5 mg/kg iv disopyramide were studied in 10 patients with dual nodal pathways who used a slow pathway for anterograde and a fast pathway for retrograde conduction during paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (mean cycle length 308.5 +/- 37 ms; range 260-370 ms). Disopyramide terminated the tachycardia in six cases by production of ventriculoatrial block i...

Editorial Fast or slow pathway ablation (or neither) for AV nodal tachycardia? The recent rapid expansion of catheter ablation techniques for patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) has been parallelled by a corresponding change in the threshold of referral for this treatment. Patients currently undergoing these procedures are often young and may not be severely sympt...

Electrophysiological studies in one patient with type B pre-excitation and dual A-V nodal pathway revealed several types of paroxysmal narrow QRS tachycardia (PSVT). One type of PSVT reflected antegrade fast A-V nodal pathway and retrograde anomalous pathway conduction. This PSVT was characterized by early retorgrade activation of right atrial appendage, P following QRS and cycle length of 290 ...

glaucoma, a group of multifactor ocular diseases, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. primary open angle (poa) is the most common type of glaucoma, characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration. numerous genes and proteins have been revealed to be associated with poag, but the pathologic mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood. proteomics, the collective st...